Biochemistry Flashcards

7647010901	Anabolic	Complex molecules from smaller organic or inorganic substances	0
7647017688	Catabolic	Complex molecules broken to smaller fragments	1
7647028183	Metabolic pathway	Most anabolic process are condensation reactions Most catabolic process are hydrolysis reactions	2
7647043046	The most important of these anabolic/catabolic pairing	respiration and photosynthesis	3
7647055126	Amino acids	Monomers or building blocks of proteins (polymers) 20 amino acids combine to form proteins (vary with the R side chain) Amino acids contain amino group and carboxyl group	4
7647108294	Amino acids properties	- Amino acids can have both positive and negative charged groups called a zwitterion (Often denoted as the H from the carboxyl group moving to the amino acid) - Can act as both acids and bases - Will act as buffers by absorb excess OH- or H+ - Has a pH in which it is electrically neutral called the isoelectric point - When pH is below this it will be positive ion, when pH is above this it will be negative ion	5
7647218627	Protein structure	Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary	6
7647221684	Primary structure	The amino acid sequence of protein Covalent bonding	7
7647227949	Secondary structure	Due to regular repeating hydrogen bonding along the same peptide chain May consist turn known as alpha helix or sheets knowns has helix pleated sheets	8
7647244413	Tertiary structure	Due to the R group Influence the isoelectric point Include hydrophobic/hydrophilic group, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding between charged side groups and disulfide bridges Denaturing of protein occurs at this level	9
7647260664	Quaternary structure	Relationship of polypeptide to other polypeptides	10
7647270864	Fibrous protein	Insoluble structure components that are elongated with a dominant secondary structure	11
7647275324	Globular proteins	Soluble functional tools that have a spherical shape and a dominant tertiary structure	12
7647331637	Enzymes	Organic molecules that increase reaction rates faster than inorganic catalyst by binding substrate to a specific active site Temperature, pH and heavy metal ions can denature enzyme Very specific Some require co-factors to bind to them for activity	13
7647388725	Lipids	Biological molecule Mostly non-polar and insoluble in water Molecules interact by weak Van deer Waal forces Main groups: Triglycerides, Phospholipid, Steroids	14
7647404293	Triglycerides formation	Formation is a condensation reaction to create an ester link The reverse- hydrolysis occurs during the digestion of lipase	15
7647416269	Triglycerides structure	Length of carbons usually between 14-22 No double bonds mean saturated One double bonds - monounsaturated More than one double bonds - polyunsaturated Bonds angle 109.5 Omega 3 and 6 are essential fatty acids that body cannot make but must consume Most fatty acids are cis. Trans fatty acids are from by-product processing	16
7647448438	Rancidity	Chemical or biological decomposition of fats and oils that produces unpleasant odour	17
7647467704	Phospholipids structure	Phospholipids are derivative of triglycerides Fatty acids replace with phosphate group	18
7647485094	Steroids	Consists 4 fused rings called the steroidal backbone Cholesterol build block of another steroid and sex hormone	19
7647496818	Hormone	Chemical messenger sent from one cell tissue that act on metabolism of the cells of another tissue	20
7647510923	Carbohydrates	2 types Monosaccharide and polysaccharides	21
7647530640	Monosaccharide	Contain carbonyl group in form of aldehyde or ketone At least 2 hydroxyl groups Empirical formula CH2O	22
7647543377	Macronutrients	Substances that make up more than 0.005% of our body weight	23
7647550024	Micronutrients	Substances that make up less than 0.005% of our body weight	24
7647554931	Vitamins	Organic micronutrients that cannot by synthesized by the organism in sufficient amounts	25