BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

8976385734	What is biochemistry?	The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical process and substances which occur within living organisms	0
8976385735	Most are important macromolecules	Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Polysaccharides	1
8976385736	Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids	Organic Nitrogenous Base, Pentose Sugar and Phosphate Group	2
8976385737	Organic Nitrogenous Base	Derivation of Purine and Pyrimide	3
8976385738	Purine	Adenine and Guanine	4
8976385739	Pentose Sugar	Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA)	5
8976385740	Phosphodiester Bond + Ester Bonds (Phosphorous)	Nucleosides= Nitrogenous bases with a ribose Nucleotides= Nitrogenous bases w/ a ribose and a phosphate	6
8976385741	Genotype	The genetic constitution of an individual organism	7
8976385742	Phenotype	the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.	8
8976385743	Amino Acids	Organic Compound containing -COOH and a amino (-NH2) group End product of a protein	9
8976385744	Number of Standard Amino Acids	20	10
8976385745	Non-Polar, Aliphatic residues	Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline	11
8976385746	Aromatic Residues	Phenylanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan	12
8976385747	Polar, Non-Charged Residues	Serine, Theonine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine	13
8976385748	Negatively Charged Residues	Asparate, Glutamate	14
8976385749	Positively Charged Residues	Lysine, Arginine, Histidine	15
8976385750	Function of Nucleic Acids	Storage and Transmission of Biological Info	16
8976385751	Pyramide	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil	17
8976385752	Phosphodiester Bond	Strong Covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrate (Pentose sugar) The backbone of DNA strands	18
8976385753	Secondary Structure	Set of interactions between bases	19
8976385754	Watson-Crick Model Base pairs	A-T G-C	20
8976385755	A-T pair (Watson-Crick Model)	2 Hydrogen Bonds	21
8976385756	G-C pair (Watson-Crick Model)	3 Hydrogen Bonds	22
8976385757	What does Secondary Structure do?	Responsible for the shape that nucleic acid assumes	23
8976385758	Possible Models of Replication	Conservative Semi-Conservative Dispersive	24
8976385759	Conservative Model of Replication		25
8976385760	Semi-Conservative Model of Replication		26
8976385761	Dispersive Model of Replication		27
8976385762	Two major forms of polynucleotides	A and B	28
8976385763	Which form is DNA in?	B form	29
8976385764	Alpha Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	33 Degrees	30
8976385765	Beta Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	36 Degrees	31
8976385766	Tertiary Structure	The three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer.	32
8976385767	Characteristic of Tertiary Structure	Linear vs. Circular Relaxed vs. Supercoiled	33
8976385768	Conformation of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid	Random Coil Stacked Base Structure Hairpin Formation	34
8976385769	Random Coil	Single Strand Flexibility of rotation No specific structure	35
8976385770	Stacked base structure (Single-Strand Helix)	Single strand Bases stacks pull the chain into the helix NO H-Bonding	36
8976385771	Hairpin Formation (Double-Strand Helix)	Double Stranded Chain folds back on itself to make stem loop structure Hydrogen bonds link the strands together	37
8976385772	Histones	Proteins found in the nuclei which package the DNA into units called NUCLEOSOMES. They are the chief component of chromatin	38
8976385773	Role of Histones	Acts as a poole which words the DNA and regulates the genes. W/o it the the DNA would unwound and be extremely long	39
8976385774	Solenoids	Structure of chromatin	40
8976385775	Chromosomes	Structures located inside the nucleus. Made up of protein and a single DNA	41
8976385776	α-Amino acid	A molecule containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that are separated by one carbon	42
8976385777	Zwitterion	a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.	43
8976385778	Amphiphilic	having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.	44
8976385779	L-Amino Acids	amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome	45
8976385780	D-Amino Acids	proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum	46
8976385781	Quaternary Structure	Complex of protein Molecules	47
8976385782	Stereoisomers	isomers that differ only in how their atoms are oriented in space	48
8976385783	Oligopeptide	A few amino acids joined by peptide bonds.	49
8976385784	Polypeptide	long chain of amino acids that makes proteins	50
8976385785	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	51
8976385786	Peptone	a soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion.	52
8976385787	F(filamentous)-Protein	insoluble in water, weak acids and weak bases but soluble in strong acids and alkalis	53
8976385788	G(globular)-Protein	are soluble in water, acids and bases	54
8976385789	N-terminus	the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide	55
8976385790	C-Terminus	the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group.	56
8976385791	Peptide Bond (Amide Bond)	covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain	57
8976385792	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	58
8976385793	Polymer	a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.	59
8976385794	Post-translational modification (PTM)	the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis	60
8976385795	Lipids	substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents.	61
8976385796	Function of Lipids	Energy Production Heat production Insulation	62
8976385797	Types of Lipids	Fatty Acids Fats (Triacylglycerols) Waxes Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	63
8976385798	Lipids in General	Insoluble molecules Form: Micelles, Vesicles, Bilayers	64
8976385799	Fatty Acids	Consist Hydrocarbon chain and a a terminal carboxyl group Contain one or more double bonds	65
8976385800	Cholesterol	consisting of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure.	66
8976385801	Cis- Configuration	a polar molecule	67
8976385802	Trans- Configuration	a non-polar molecule	68
8976385803	Fats (Triacylglycerol)	Trimester of Fatty acids long-term energy storage molecule in many organism	69
8976385804	Glycerol		70
8976385805	Fats (Triacylglycerol) Behavior	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	71
8976385806	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	Conversion of liquid oils into semi-solid Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes important physical properties (Melting range)	72
8976385807	Waxes	Lipid that is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid Made up of 12-32 carbon atoms	73
8976385808	Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	component of all cell membrane Amphiphilic Most natural occurring fat	74
8976385809	Bilayer		75
8976385810	Monolayer		76
8976385811	Micelle		77
8976385812	Vesicles		78
8976385813	Liposome		79
8976385814	Carbohydrate	Chemical compound which contains oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Also known as Saccharides Important storage and transport form of energy C₆H₁₂O₆	80
8976385815	Four Types of Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides	81
8976385816	Monosaccharides	1 monomer single sugar ex. Fructose, Glucose	82
8976385817	Disaccharides	2 monomers 2 saccharides ex. Sucrose	83
8976385818	Oligosaccharides	3-10 monomers linked to a.a or lipids ex. Raffinose	84
8976385819	Polysaccharides	>10 monomers complex carbohydrates, w/ linear chains ex. Starch, Amylose, Cellulose	85
8976385820	Distinguishing Criteria of Carbohydrates	Consist ONLY of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen/ Oxygen atom ratio 2:1	86
8976385821	Three Different Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Placement of its carbonyl group Number of carbon atom it contains Its chirality (= asymmetric)	87
8976385822	Cellulose	An insoluble substance A polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers	88
8976385823	Chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides The major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.	89
8976385824	Glycogen	A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.	90
8976385825	Starch	A polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.	91
8976385826	Aldehydes	A functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain	92
8976385827	Ketones	is an organic compound with the structure RCR', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents	93
8976385828	Fischer's Projection	a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule	94
8976385829	Formaldehyde	a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH₂O.	95
8976385830	Glycolaldehyde	the organic compound with the formula HOCH₂-CHO.	96
8976385831	Inositol	a chemical compound with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ or (-CHOH-)₆, a six-fold alcohol of cyclohexane	97
8976385832	Biochemistry of Carbohydrate	4 Carbons	98
8976385833	Deoxyribose	a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen.	99
8976385834	Function of Carbohydrates	Generating and Storing Biological Energy Molecular Recognition (Immune System) Cellular Protection (bacterial and plant cell wall) Cell Signaling Cell Adhesion Maintaining Biological Structure (Cellulose) Biological Lubricants	100
8976385835	Sugar	any of the class of soluble, crystalline, typically sweet-tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues and exemplified by glucose and sucrose.	101
8976385836	NucleoSIDES	Nitrogenous base w/ ribose	102
8976385837	NucleoTIDES	Nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate	103
8976385838	Adenine (DNA/RNA)		104
8976385839	Uracil (RNA)		105
8976385840	Guanine (DNA/RNA)		106
8976385841	Cytosine (DNA/RNA)		107
8976385842	Thymine (DNA)		108
8976385843	Types of Transport	Non Mediated Transport Transport by Vesicles Mediated Transport	109
8976385844	Non Mediated Transport	Diffusion	110
8976385845	Transport by Vesicles		111
8976385846	Mediated Transport	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels) Active Transport (ATP)	112
8976385847	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels)		113
8976385848	Active Transport (ATP)		114
8976385849	The Role of Enzyme Chemical Reactions	Synthesis Decomposition Single Displacement Double Displacement	115
8976385850	Low Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B ==> A-B	116
8976385851	High Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B =(synthesis)=> A-B	117
8976385852	Roles of Enzymes	Rates Sufficient for life Selective for their Substance Most Enzymes are Proteins Assist in Catalysis	118
8976385853	Building Blocks for Enzymology	Substrates (S) Enzymes (E) Products (P)	119
8976385854	Cholesterol Functions	Build & Maintain Membranes Hormone Production Vitamin D Production Bile Production	120
8976385855	Lab Techniques for Protein Analyse	Photometry Electrophoresis Chromatography Bradford-assay Absorbance of wavelength	121
8976385856	Photometry	Measurement of Light Shows Intensity of a beam of light after passing through a sample	122
8976385857	Chromatography	technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.	123
8976385858	Electrophoresis	technique in order to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. This is used for both DNA and RNA analysis.	124
8976385859	Bradford-Assay	spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution	125
8976385860	Rosalind Franklin dates	(1920-1958)	126
8976385861	Francis Crick	(1916-2004)	127
8976385862	James Watson	(1928- )	128
8976385863	Tautomerization	A formal isomers of the nitrogenous based	129
8976385864	Enzyme inhibition	molecule that binds to an enzyme and lowers its activity. (can kill pathogens or correct metabolic imbalances)	130
8976385865	Competitive inhibition	binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice-versa	131
8976385866	Non-competitive Inhibition	where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bounded to the substrate	132
8976385867	Uncompetitive Inhibition	Does not compete for the active site but affects the catalytic event	133
8976385868	Number of human genomes	51	134
8976385869	Human chromosomes	23 Pairs	135
8976385870	Replisome	complex of enzymes work on replication of DNA	136
8976385871	Genome	the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.	137
8976385872	Hormones in General	Signal Transduction Hormone Action Membrane Receptors	138
8976385873	Signal transduction	Involves cell to cell communication via: Neurotransmitters Hormones Growth factors Pheromones	139
8976385874	Pheromones	Chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal or insect affecting its physiology or behavior	140
8976385875	Hormone Action	influences and controls: Enzyme Activity Synthesis of specific proteins Membrane permeability to ions or small metabolites	141
8976385876	Membrane Receptors	includes: proteins that influence second-messenger synthesis Ion channels Proteins with intrinsic enzyme activity	142
8976385877	What is a hormone	any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.	143
8976385878	Systemic	Glands Hormones Nerves	144
8976385879	Cellular	Neurotransmission GPCR (G-protein coupled receptors)	145
8976385880	Classification of Glands	Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland	146
8976385881	Exocrine Gland	Excretes its product mostly via ducts inside the body	147
8976385882	Endocrine Gland	Signals target distant cells, secrets its product directly into the bloodstream or by diffusion	148
8976385883	Exocrine Gland (Diagram)		149
8976385884	Endocrine Gland (Diagram)		150
8976385885	Types of intercellular Communication	Direct Indirect	151
8976385886	Direct Intercellular Communication	Gap Junctions	152
8976385887	Indirect Intercellular Communication	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion Neurotransmitter Secretion Neurohormone Secretion	153
8976385888	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion		154
8976385889	Neurotransmitter Secretion		155
8976385890	Neurohormone Secretion		156
8976385891	Juxacrine	Signals target adjacent (touching cells)	157
8976385892	Autocrine	signals are produced by the target cell, secreted and effect the target cell itself via receptors	158
8976385893	Paracrine	signals target cell in the vicinity of the emitting cell. NEUROTRANSMITTERS	159
8976385894	Lipophilic	tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats	160
8976385895	Lipophobic	tending to repulse compounds therefore not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents.	161