Biochemistry Flashcards

7841251350	Elements	25 required for life C,H,O,N make up 96% P,S,Ca,K 4%	0
7841251351	Trace Elements	Fe, I-required in minimal amounts	1
7841251352	Goiters	Swelling of the thyroid gland caused by an iodine deficiency	2
7841251353	Atoms	smallest unit of matter.	3
7841251354	Protons	+ in an atom's nucleus	4
7841251355	Neutrons	+/_ in an atom's nucleus	5
7841251356	Electrons	- in an atom's outer ring	6
7841251357	Atomic Number	# of protons. # of electrons in a stable atom of an element.	7
7841251358	Atomic mass	Sum of protons and neutrons.	8
7841251359	Electron mass	small and almost negligible	9
7841251360	Ions	Different # of Electrons. Atoms with a charge	10
7841251361	More electrons =	negative charge	11
7841251362	Less Electrons=	positive charge	12
7841251363	Isotopes	Different # of neutrons, radioactive, diagnostic tracers	13
7841251364	Why do atoms bond?	To fill their valence shell	14
7841251365	Octet Rule	Most atoms want 8 valence electrons.	15
7841251366	Exceptions to the Octet Rule	Those w/ <6 total electrons	16
7841251367	Covalent Bonding	Valence electrons are shared.	17
7841251368	Ionic Bonding	Lost or from the outside shell that fills the octet rule	18
7841251369	Hydrogen bonds	Bonds between molecules that contain polar covalent bonds.	19
7841251370	Molecular structure	determines the job . ex- endorphins can be substituted with heroin because they both are the same exact shape in size/function.	20
7841251371	Polarity	slight charge on either end of a molecule due to electronegatives	21
7841251372	cohesion	property of water; sticks to itself	22
7841251373	adhesion	sticking to something else; property of water	23
7841251374	surface tension	property	24
7841251375	high specific heat	the amount of energy absorbed or lost to change 1g 1degree celsius. water's specific heat is high	25
7841251376	ice	less dense than water; insulates water below; is most dense at 4 degrees celsius	26
7841251377	universal solvent	water dissolves materials creating aqueous solutions (water=solvent, being dissolved = solute)	27
7841251378	hydrophilic	substances attracted to water	28
7841251379	hydrophobic	repel water	29
7841251380	pure water	[H+]=[OH-]	30
7841251381	pH	a measure of hydrogen ion concentration on a scale of 1-14	31
7841251382	Acids	donate [h+] to solution	32
7841251383	more acidic =	more [H+] and lower pH, pH<7	33
7841251384	bases	accept [H+] ions from the solution; may donate [OH-]	34
7841251385	more basic equals	less H+ concentration; higher pH	35
7841251386	Buffer	resists change to an acid or base. ex- blood stays at 7.4 because minor changes can cause death	36
7841251387	hydrocarbons	molecules with C and H. nonpolar. hydrophobic. stable. little attraction between molecules	37
7841251388	Isomer	same molecular formula but different structures, different chemical properties and molecular formuals.	38
7841251389	Thalidomide	reduced morning sickness in pregnant women but a stereoisomer caused severe birth defects	39
7841251390	organic compounds	contain carbon. split in to carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids	40
7841251391	Functional groups	parts organic compounds used most often in chemical reactions. Determine structure and function	41
7841251392	hydroxyl	organic compounds with OH- alcohols	42
7841251393	Carbonyl aldehyde	C=O at the end of the molecule	43
7841251394	Carbonyl keytone	C=O in the middle of the molecule	44
7841251395	Carboxyl	Compounds with COOH- acids (fatty and amino)	45
7841251396	Amino	Compounds with NH2 - amines (amino acids) NH2 acts as a base when ammonia pick us an H+	46
7841251397	phosphate	Lots of O=lots of neg charge- reactive transfers energy between organic molecules (ATP) increases gene expression	47
7841251398	Sulfhydryl	stabilizes the structure of proteins	48
7841251399	Methyl	turns genes down or off	49
7841251400	Carbohydrates	Contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, provide energy.	50
7841251401	Three groups of carbohydrates	monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide.	51
7841251402	Monosaccharide	mono- single, saccharide- sugar, formula CH2O(monomer) Ex-glucose, fructose	52
7841251403	Disaccharide	Double sugars, formed by dehydration synthesis, glycosidic linkage (bond between two monosaccharide) Ex- sucrose, lactose, maltose	53
7841251404	Polysaccharide	complex sugars, stored and broken down by hydrolysis from energy. Ex-starch, cellulose, glycogen	54
7841251405	cellulose	plant cell wall; not easily broken down; rigid structure; most abundant organic compound on Earth- can be digested by herbivores	55
7841251406	starch	easily broken down by hydrolysis; flat structure; easily digested	56
7841251407	Carbohydrate Indicator	Benedicts- blue to orange in a monosaccharide Iodine- turns amber to black in a polysaccharide	57
7841251408	Lipids	Hydrophobic, smaller than polymers, highly varied in form and function	58
7841251409	Types of lipids	fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes and oils	59
7841251410	Fats	monomers- fatty acids/glycerol, function in storing energy and protection, Ester linkage-bond between fatty acids and glycerol	60
7841251411	Saturated Fats	solid @ room temps, animal fats, build up inside of vessels, no double bonds between carbons. Saturated with hydrogens. straight structure	61
7841251412	Unsaturated fats	liquids at room temp, plant oils, double bonds between carbons. bent sort of like a V structure	62
7841251413	Phospholipids	Like fats but with 2 fatty acids instead of 3; 3rd OH group of glycerol joined to PO4 group, ambivalent toward water. component in cellular membranes	63
7841251414	Steroids	carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings; used in animal cell membranes and hormones	64
7841251415	Proteins	One or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations sophisticated in both structure and function, accounts for more than 50% of cells dry weight, used in support, storage, transport, signaling, immunity, metabolism	65
7841251416	Stricture of an Amino Acid	Amino group, central carbon, carboxyl group, r group	66
7841251417	R groups in Amino Acids	Non-polar=hydrophobic Polar=hydrophilic	67
7841251418	Sulfur containing Amino Acids	form disulfide bridges- covalent cross links between sulfhydryls, stabilizes 3-D structure	68
7841251419	Peptides	amino acid or acids created by dehydration synthesis	69
7841251420	peptide bond	bond between amino acids	70
7841251421	Protein monomer and functional groups	monomer- amino acid, contain amino and carboxyl groups,	71
7841251422	Primary structure	sequence of amino acids	72
7841251423	Secondary structure	initial coiling and folding patterns that result from hydrogen bonds ex- alpha helix and pleated sheet	73
7841251424	Tertiary structure	secondary coiling and folding	74
7841251425	quaternary structure	overall structure that comes from the way they all polypeptides are situated	75
7841251426	Conformations and structure of proteins are affected by	pH, Temp, environment, salt concentration	76
7841251427	structure change =	function change (denatured and inactive)	77
7841251428	Protein Denaturation	Unfolding a protein- disrupting h bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges Altering second and third structure destroys functionality	78
7841251429	Things that disrupt H bonds, Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges	pH, temp, salinity	79
7841251430	alter second and third structure	alter 3-d structure	80
7841251431	Destroys functionality	some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot	81
7841251432	sickle cell anemia	mutation on the 6th where the gene is hydrophobic instead of hydrophoillic making it hard to travel through the blood stream	82
7841251433	Indicator of Protein	Buriets; blue to violet	83
7841251434	Nucleic Acids	Store and transmit hereditary information	84
7841251435	monomer for nucleic acids	nucleotides (ACTG) sugars- deoxyribose, ribose (DNA,RNA)	85
7841251436	3 parts of Nucleotides	Nitrogen base (C-N ring) Pentose sugar (5C)- RNA, DNA Phosphate group	86
7841251437	2 types of nucleotides	purines- double n ring base, adenine, guanine Pyrimidines- single N ring base, cytosine,thymine, Uracil	87
7841251438	Pairing of nucleotides	bond between DNA A to T C to G	88
7841251439	Nucleic Polymer	backbone- sugar to PO4 bond- phosphodiester bond. Nbases hang off.	89
7841251440	Indicator of fat	paper towel test	90
7841251441	Enzymes	lower activation energy, have specific active site that fits the substrate, rate at which they work depends on temp ph and concentration of substrate	91
7841251442	catalysts	speed up reaction without being consumed or changed by the reaction	92
7841251443	Metabolism	Total amount of an organisms chemical processes and reaction. Catabolic + Anabolic reactions	93
7841251444	Catabolic	break down molecules, release energy ex- cellular respiration	94
7841251445	Anabolic	reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones. requires energy input ex- synthesis	95
7841251446	1st law of thermodynamics	conservation of energy	96
7841251447	2nd law of thermodynamics	energy transfer makes the universe more disordered Entropy ex- heat is energy in its most random state	97
7841251448	Free Energy	G, energy available to do work when temperature is uniform throughout.	98
7841251449	Exergonic	releases energy -deltaG catabolic reaction	99
7841251450	Endergonic	absorbs free energy +deltaG anabolic reaction	100
7841251451	Cellular Work	Mechanical, transport chemical	101
7841251452	Mechanical cellular work	movement- muscle contractions	102
7841251453	Transport cellular work	pumping of substances across the membrane	103
7841251454	chemical cellular work	pushing endergonic reactions that do not happen spontaneously Ex- dehydration synthesis	104
7841251455	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate, made of phosphate, ribose, adenosine	105
7841251456	competitive inhibition	fighting for active sight	106
7841251457	Non-competitive inhibition	molecule attaches somewhere else and changes the shape of the active site	107
7841251458	DNA Molecule	Double Helix- h bonds between bases join the 2 strands A-T C-G	108