Biochemistry Flashcards

4791808295	Water structure	2 hydrogens covalently bonded to 1 oxygen	0
4791820794	Polarity	opposite ends with different charges E.X. water, sugar, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids	1
4791826330	Hydrogen Bonds	weak bonds short lived important for water physical properties	2
4791829942	Cohesion	water is liquid in moderate temperatures caused by H-bonds causes surface tension b/c water is stuck together and all H bonds face down	3
4791836993	Adhesion	water is attracted to other polar molecules or substances which form H bonds water can move through polar tubes (glass living vessels) even against gravity called capilary	4
4791847766	High specific Heat	amount of heat required to change 1 g of substance 1 degree C More Polar=more H bonds=Higher specific heat water heats and cools slowly good for organisms maintaining body heat	5
4791856562	Ice lower density	ice is less dense than liquid water H bonds space water molecules apart	6
4791865376	Water as a solvent	water surrounds substances with full ion or partial polar charge causing a hydration shell to form preventing molecules from rejoining	7
4791871274	Hydrophobic	non polar molecules wont form H bonds fears water	8
4791874125	Hydrophilic	Water loving polar molecules form H bonds water forms maximum H bonds possible	9
4791888809	Electrons H O N C	H 1V 1E O 6V 8E N 5V 7E C 4V 6E	10
4791897572	Hydrocarbons	Made from hydrogen and carbon nonpolar hydrophobic lots of energy stored	11
4791902319	Hydroxyl	-OH or HO- alcohol, sugar, amino acids ends in -ol Polar hydrophilic makes organic compounds soluble	12
4791908674	Carbonyl	-C=O aldehydes and ketones polar hydrophilic	13
4791913569	Carboxyl	-COOH Amino acids and fatty acids carboxylic acids or organic acids E.X. formic acid or acetic acid acidic because of H+ Bond between O and H is polar dissociates easily hydrophilic	14
4791931952	Amino Group	-NH2 called amines acts as a base can pick up proton H+ H+=proton Found in amino acids polar hydrophilic E.X. Glycerine has a carboxyl group amino acids have carboxyl and amino groups	15
4791946033	Sulfhydryl group	-SH sulfur has 6 valence electrons forms 2 covalent bonds called thiols help to stabilize structure of protein found in amino acids polar hydrophilic	16
4791952415	Phosphate group	-OPO3^2- formed from dissociation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) function in transfering energy between organic molecules found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) polar hydrophilic	17
4791977396	Methyl group	-CH3 Fats and lipids NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC	18
4791982127	Macromolecules	Mostly polymers (except lipids) Long molecule Many similar or identical building blocks linked covalently Monomers 1 building blocks 2 small molecules 3 repeating units all macromolecules are formed and broken the same way	19
4791992726	Dehydration synthesis	two molecules covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule cell requires energy (ATP) enzymes needed for reaction to occur	20
4792001319	Hydrolysis	Lysis=break polymers disassembled opposite of dehydration synthesis enzymes required for reaction E.X. digestion	21
4792011597	Lipids Characteristics	fats, oils and waxes no polymers hydrophobic some polar bonds mostly hydrocarbons (nonpolar) so soluble in organic solvents (gasoline) smaller than true macromolecules	22
4792022578	Fatty Acids	Long carbon skeleton non polar hydrophobic at one end, carboxyl group store energy cushions vital organs insulates	23
4792041414	saturated fatty acids	no double bonds between carbons saturated with hydrogen solid at room temperature all animal fats lard and butter	24
4792050640	unsaturated fatty acids	One or more double bonds double bonds fromed by removing a hydrogen liquid at room temperature kink in H - C chain where double bond is kinks prevent close packing making it not a solid polyunsaturated= more than one double bond	25
4792064262	Hydrogenated vegetable oils	unsaturated converted to saturated by adding H H prevents lipids form seperating out in a liquid Ex peanut butter or margarine	26
4792070877	Glycerol	Backbone of fat molecule an alcohol with 3 carbons each carbon has a hydroxyl group OH= alcohol	27
4792081760	Fats/ triglycerides	Large molecules formed through dehydration synthesis made of 1 gylcerol and 3 fatty acids formed through ESTER linkage (bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups)	28
4792097008	Phospholipids	similar to fats but two fatty acid tails one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group other small molecules polar can be added to form other phospholipids tails are hydrophobic heads out in water tails in when in water	29
4792106677	Steroids	C skeleton with 4 fused rings different function groups attached ex cholesterol	30
4792109820	Monosaccharides	single or simple sugars mono=1 CH2O formula most names end in -ose most sugars form rings in aqueous solutions major fuel for cellular network carbon skeletons are raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules if not used immediately incorporated into di or poly saccharides aldose or ketose is determined by location of carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups	31
4792136803	Aldose	C=O on end OH in middle Ex glucose	32
4792142581	ketose	C=O which is in middle OH on end Ex fructose	33
4792147483	Disaccharides	Polymer of monosaccharides formed by dehydration dynthesis glucose Glucose= maltose Glucose+ fructose= sucrose glucose+ galactose= lactose	34
4792287308	Polysaccharides	Macromolecule 100s to 1000s of monomers function determined by types of monomers and cation of glycosidic linkage	35
4792298232	Storage polysaccharides	all glucose all sugars in same direction helical amylose (starch) simplest unbranched plants(10-30%) amylopectin (starch) more complex branched plants(70-90%) glycogen stored in liver and muscle cells depleted in a day if not replenished animals	36
4792321324	structural polusaccharides	Cellulose most abundant organic compound on earth major component of tough walls that enclose plants made of glucose differs from starch in location of glycosidic links every other sugar molecule is upsidedown molecule is straight never branched insoluble fiber few can digest (cows, termites, and some fungi) Chitin used to build exoskeletons in arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) also in cell wals of fungi	37
4792345156	Chitin photo		38