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AP World History Review Era 4 Flashcards

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4428706860PortugalKingdom that spawned a lot of exploration. Located on the Iberian Peninsula. Home to many skilled seamen who explored the islands near them0
4428711782PhilippinesIslands in the Pacific Ocean. Magellan sailed there while circumnavigating the globe. Unfortunately, he was killed there while in a political dispute.1
4428725701JavaIsland eventually controlled by the Dutch. Important trade area.2
4428728175SiberiaNorthern European area. Russia tried to (and eventually, sort of did) conquer it.3
4428738155Vasco de GamaPortuguese explorer. Sailed all the way from Portugal, around Africa, to India. First person to do so.4
4428744406Prince HenryPortuguese princes. Called "Henry the Navigator", who encouraged expeditions to west Africa. He wanted to trade, form alliances with Muslim leaders, and spread Christianity.5
4428751047Marco PoloVenetian traveler that traveled across Eurasia and spent time in China under Khubilai Khan's rule.6
4428756014Captain James CookPacific explorer. Deeply interested in Pacific culture, and charted Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawaii, putting them on European maps.7
4428763194Sternpost RudderChinese invention. It was a rudder built into the stern of a ship that increased maneuverability.8
4428767787Lateen SailIndian invention. More able to catch crosswinds than square sails. Helped make ships more efficient.9
4428772423Compass and AstrolabeNavigational tools used to determine direction and location. Hugely important to trade and exploration by sea.10
4428777228Volta do MarPortuguese concept of following wind currents rather than going against the wind. Faster, safer, and more reliable11
4428784645CircumnavigationSailing around the world. First done by Magellan and his crew.12
4428787541Joint Stock CompanyPeople invested money in trading companies. Made trade more efficient.13
4428790888Seven Years WarGlobal conflict mainly between Europeans and their allied indigenous peoples in an attempt to gain hegemony.14
4428797601Columbian ExchangeDiffusion of biological, demographical, and cultural aspects that began after European exploration.15
4428801164Spanish GalleonsTypes of ships used along trade and exploration. Efficient and safe. They could carry larger cargoes.16
4428806299English East India Co. and Dutch VOCPart of joint stock companies that facilitated trade and encouraged investment in trade.17
4428813779Martin LutherPriest against indulgences. Led a movement that eventually led to the reformation by starting his own branch of Christianity18
4428817961ProtestantsPeople who protested the corruption of the Roman Catholic church.19
4428820950AnglicansPeople belonging to the Church of England20
4428822314Henry VIIIKing of England. Split away from Catholic Church and began Anglican Church.21
4428825921John CalvinBegan Protestant community in Geneva, sent out missionaries, gained followers.22
4428829380St. Ignatius LoyolaFounder of Society of Jesus. He and followers were dedicated to the Catholic church.23
4428834028JesuitsMembers of Society of Jesus that were dedicated to the catholic church. Acted as missionaries and defenders of their faith.24
4428838439Charles VInherited Habsburg's authority, had a lot of places he controlled. Mostly dealt with the Lutheran rebellions, didn't establish lasting empire. Originally HRE.25
4428845556HabsburgFamily that married into a lot of royal positions, had a lot of influence in Europe26
4428852570Cardial RicheliueMinister to King Luis XIII of France. Began building absolutism in France.27
4428857127Louis XIVKing of France. Solidified absolutist reign in France. Built Versailles, kept nobles happy with wealth and entertainment.28
4428862778Adam SmithScottish philosopher that was concerned with efficiency of labor. Considered to be the father of modern economics.29
4428868205PtolmeyGreek scholar. His theory of the universe (that it revolved around the earth) was what people believed for a long time.30
4428875200CopernicusBelieved that the Earth revolved around the sun, not the other way around. People didn't like his idea that much.31
4428878146GalileoItalian scientist. Observed the heavens with a telescope, proved heavenly bodies were not perfect, saw new stars32
4428882183KeplerGerman scientist. Proved planetary orbits were elliptical.33
4428884717NewtonEnglish mathematician. Did a TON in physics. Defined gravity.34
4428887755LockeStudied political laws and promoted constitutional government. English.35
4428893312MontesquieuFrench. Wanted to establish political science and liberty.36
4428896104VoltaireBelieved in personal freedom. Wrote a lot. Made fun of church and French monarchy.37
4428899141RomanovsRussian ruling family for 300+ years. Contributed tons to the Russian government, culture, and society.38
4428903885Peter IRussian King. Wanted to have a strong army. Super important.39
4428906736Catherine IISuccessor to Peter I. Helped contribute a lot to government. Split Russia into 50 provinces. Wanted to make Russia a great power.40
4428914338PugachevRussian guy. Started a rebellion, killed thousands of people.41
4428917011Ninety Five ThesesDocument written by Martin Luther that spoke out against indulgences.42
4428919787Protestant ReformationMovement in Europe to protest the corruption of the catholic church, resulted in new Christian churches.43
4428922980Catholic ReformationResponse to Protestant Reformation. made changes to catholic church by clarifying doctrine, etc.44
4428928394Council of TrentAssembly of church officials that met to clarify certain doctrines and do away with certain practices.45
4428933534Spanish ArmadaFleet of Spanish warships. Very powerful navy.46
442893716430 Years WarConflict between most of Europe that was really a cumulative effect of tension between countries.47
4428942808InquisitionFounded by Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain to question Muslims, Jews, and anybody considered a threat to their country. Very harsh punishments.48
4428951657Constitutional StatesEngland, Netherlands. Had limited powers as rulers. Had some form of representative institution, written constitution.49
4428958814AbsolutismMonarch has all power. No representation, believed rulers had divine right from God. Included Russia, France, and Spain.50
4428963796CapitalismPrivate businesses producing their own goods and services.51
4428966773Putting-Out SystemBusiness people gave raw materials to peasants who did the work, and then merchants sold the goods.52
4428970256Scientific RevolutionPeriod of time where scientists delved deeper and questioned some of the previous scientific ideas.53
4428975075EnlightenmentFollowers wanted to discover natural laws to provide answers. Centered in France.54
4428978586PhilosopheFrench philosophers that dedicated their time to Enlightenment.55
4428982540DeismThe belief that there was some powerful god that created the universe, but doesn't take interest in its people. Very rational, organized.56
4428987982TsarRussian king. Had absolute power, and a divine right to rule.57
4428991143HispaniolaSpanish base in Caribbean- modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic. Established by Christopher Columbus.58
4428998242Mexico CitySpanish capital of Mexico (New Spain). Rebuilt over Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Merged Aztec and Spanish culture.59
4429044441LimaSpanish capital of Peru. Accessible port for Spanish ships. On coast of Peru.60
4429049563QuebecLocated in Canada. Established by French settlers.61
4429053930New AmsterdamDutch settlement that quickly fell to English control. Renamed New York.62
4429056672Guam and Marina IslandsIslands in the Pacific. Explored/dealt with by Spanish.63
4429060636AustraliaSouthern continent mainly left alone by Europeans for a long time until British established a penal colony there after limited exploration.64
4429066890TainosPeople living natively in the Caribbean. First American people to have contact with Europeans. Used as laborers, virtually wiped out as a society.65
4429071228CortesSpanish conquistador that led conquests of Aztec Kingdoms. Fathered Doña Maria's son, killed a bunch of rulers. Took down the Aztec Empire.66
4429078299MontezumaAztec emperor that was killed by Spanish forces.67
4429080834PizarroAnother Spanish conquistador that helped establish Spanish rule in S. America. He toppled the Incan empire, raided their treasury, and killed the emperor.68
4429085959AtahualpaInca emperor that was killed by Spanish conquistadors. His murder brought an end to the Inca's empire.69
4429089847Cabeza de VacaSpanish Adventurer.70
4429093596EncomiendaInstitution in the Caribbean that gave Spanish settlers the right to coerce Taino into labor. Settlers were then responsible for their workers' health and salvation through Christianity.71
4429097547ConquistadorsSpanish conquerors that went to the Americas in search of more opportunities for exploitation.72
4429102165ViceroysAdministrators appointed by the Spanish king to rule under his command over Spanish colonies in S. America and Mesoamerica.73
4429107403Treaty of TordesillasDivided S. America between Spain and Portugal. Separated by Catholic church to prevent Spanish and Portuguese from fighting.74
4429114349Mestizo"mixed"- in S. America, people from all cultures mixed with each other. Mestizo in particular were of Spanish and indigenous descent.75
4429120421PeninsulareMigrants that were born in Europe, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Top of Spanish social hierarchy.76
4429126666MulattoesMix of Portuguese and Africans. Contributed to mixed society. Originally not part of society, gradually mixed even more.77
4429131221ZamboIndigenous and African descent. Interracial marriage and relations were common.78
4429134563CreolesPeople born in the Americas from Iberian parents. Below Peninsulare in social status79
4429138057Quinto1/5 of the silver mined in the Americas that was reserved for the Spanish crown. Helped world-wide economy and brought a ton of wealth to Spain.80
4429145116HaciendaSpanish estate in the Americas that produced goods and foodstuffs for its own inhabitants, as well as nearby miners.81
4429149916RepartimientoReplaced encomienda in Spanish America. Still a labor system, but natives were paid.82
4429155782EngenhoSugar mill. Later, term was used to encompass the whole compound on which sugar was farmed and produced. Used in Brazil83
4429159897SmallpoxDeadly disease brought to the Americas by conquerors/settlers. Since Native Americans were not immune to smallpox, populations were wiped out drastically by outbreaks of the disease.84
4429167852AudienciasPanels of judges appointed by the Spanish king to act as a check on the viceroys' power. These judges observed and monitored viceroy's behavior to ensure that they remained loyal to their king.85
4429177061GaoTrading city and capital of the Songhay empire. Participated in Trans-Saharan.86
4429181916TimbuktuCity along Trans-Saharan trade route. Participated in gold/salt/slave trade.87
4429185279FulaniIn West Africa. People practiced strict Islam, gained a lot of power.88
4429189337Congo (Zaire) RiverRiver in Africa around the kingdom of Kongo89
4429198156KongoKingdom in Subsaharan Africa. Had a lot of contact with Portuguese.90
4429206469Ndongo (Angola)Subsaharan African city-state. Colony established by Portuguese. Active participants in slave trade.91
4429210110CapetownTrading post built by Dutch in South Africa. Colony.92
4429215565DahomeyTribe of Africans that actively participated in the slave trade. They raided villages and assisted in enslaving fellow Africans.93
4429221942HaitiHome to a successful slave revolt. Slaves simply declared themselves independent from France and sectioned off part of the Caribbean island and called it Haiti94
4429228420Sunni AliSonghay ruler that conquered land around him and solidified Songhay rule. Established strong army. Good admin.95
4429236367King Alfonso IKongolese king who converted to Christianity and was a devout Roman Catholic. Wanted to convert the rest of his kingdom.96
4429273226Queen NzingaAngolan queen. Seriously awesome. Often cross-dressed to establish dominance. Resisted Portuguese conquest. Rallied a lot of central Africa against the Portuguese.97
4429283821Dona BeatrizKongolese woman that performed miracles and began the Antonian movement. She blended a lot of African beliefs with Christianity98
4429295198Olaudah EquinanoWest African slave that later became free and published an autobiography. Helped rally for the abolition of slavery.99
4429300019DiasporaForced migration and distribution of Africans to the Caribbean and the Americas.100
4429304254Antonian MovementChristianity as taught by Dona Beatriz, taught that Jesus was black and that heaven was for Africans. Had a large following.101
4429310528Triangular TradeMerchants sailed from Europe to Africa, exchanging goods for slaves, then sailed to the Americas where slaves were exchanged for sugar/molassas102
4429319195Middle PassageJourney from Africa to the Americas with human cargo. Terrible, filthy conditions. 25% of enslaved Africans didn't make the journey and died along the way.103
4429327900IndigoCash crop cultivated mainly by slave labor on plantations in the Americas.104
4429330877Plantation SystemFarms primarily for the cultivation of cash crops, inhabited by African slaves and European overseers.105
4429335337MaroonsRunaway slaves that started communities and helped organize additional slaves' escapes.106
4429340517NanjingMongol capital of China during Quan Dynasty.107
4429345535MacauCity visited by Matteo Ricci108
4429348250Edo (Tokyo)Capital of Japan. Shoguns inspired daimyos to live alternating years (or so) to keep them under control.109
4429351939ManchuriaLand north of China. Manchus invaded China, began Qing dynasty.110
4429355285Matteo RicciRoman catholic missionary. Introduced mechanized clocks to China.111
4429359072Ming"Brilliant" dynasty in China. Brought Chinese identity back after Mongol rule.112
4429362149KangxiConfucian scholar, Qing ruler, conquered Taiwan, parts of eastern Asia, very scholarly.113
4429370528Zheng HeEunuch admiral from Qing dynasty. Led Chinese maritime explorations.114
4429375174TokugawaEstablished unified military government "bakufu" in Japan.115
4429380542QianlongGrandson of Kangxi. Also conquered places. Ruled during the height of the Qing dynasty. Very wealthy. Delegated stuff. Marked an era of prosperity.116
4429392506QueueBraided ponytail required by Qing emperors for subjects to wear.117
4429398425Scholar GentryGroup of highly educated men that made up the majority of the bureaucracy.118
4429404222Neo-ConfucianismBegan (sort of) by Zhu Xi, in Song dynasty. Combined confucian and buddhist ideas.119
4429407931Bakufu"Temporary government" in Japan, established by Tokugawa. Basically put shoguns in charge.120
4429413403DaimyoBasically ruling lords in Japan. Power was limited by the shoguns.121
4429417405Native LearningPeople who scorned learning from other cultures and promoted strictly Japanese knowledge.122
4429424051Floating WorldsPlaces of pleasure (teahouses, bath houses, brothels, theaters) prominent during the Tokugawa dynasty.123
4429430654Ottoman EmpireEmpire of Muslims. Mostly in the Middle East, parts of Europe, coast of northern Africa.124
4429435693GoaPortuguese colony in India, center for Christian mission.125
4429447603Mughal EmpireLocated mainly in India, southern Asia.126
4429451616Fatehpur SikriCity planned and built by Akbar, Mughal empire.127
4429454162Shah JahanEmperor of Mughal India. Built Taj Mahal and Peacock Throne.128
4429458795BaburFounder of Mughal empire, wanted to have a powerful, wealthy empire in India.129
4429461311Osman BeyFounder of the Ottoman Empire, established ghazi to assist him in building an empire.130
4429468411Hurrem Sultana (Roxelana)Favored wife of Suleyman, had actual part in politics. Highly trusted by husband, ensured own child as heir.131
4429473939MehmedCaptured Constantinople132
4429475815AkbarMughal ruler. Intelligent, no-nonsense, tolerant.133
4429481532Suleyman the MagnificentOttoman empire. Reign marked peak of empire. Expanded territory, consolidated power, spread in SW Asia, Europe.134
4429489178AurangzebExpanded Mughal empire, stopped being tolerant of religions.135
4429492020Peacock ThroneExpensive, fancy throne built by Shah Jahan. Showed how wealthy Mughal India was.136
4429497378GhaziMuslim religious warriors. Supposed to help "purify" the earth.137
4429501993DevshirmeOttoman institution that required Christian boys of the Balkans to become the sultan's slaves and ultimately led to civil service/military.138
4429508840JainssariesMilitary force (Ottoman) that was made up of enslaved boys. Immensely powerful, loyal, and innovative.139
4429516113Siege of ViennaSuleyman seized Vienna as he went along conquering everything. Terrifying, apparently.140
4429524714KanunLegal edicts issued by Ottoman Sultans, laws.141
4429528104Divine FaithSyncretic religion encouraged by Akbar.142
4429531173Dhimmi"Protected people"- people living in Islamic empires, didn't need to convert to Islam, retained some rights.143
4429538483JizyaTax required of non-Muslims (dhimmi) to pay.144
4429541220TopkapiOttoman palace in Istanbul145
4429543060Taj MahalMonument built by Shah Jahan for his late wife as well as his Islamic faith.146
4429546101Wahhabi MovementIslamic religious movement against Ottomans from Arabia, very conservative. Didn't think Turks were legitimate rulers.147
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