Biochemistry Flashcards

5261603984	__, __, __, __ make up 96% of living things	C H O N	0
5261615790	__, __, __, __ most of the remaining 4%	P S Ca K	1
5261620917	Trace Elements	Required; minute amounts Fe, I	2
5261632791	Atomic Number	# of protons # of electrons in a stable atom of an element	3
5261642303	Atomic Mass	Sum of protons and neutrons Electron mass is small and almost negligible	4
5261658599	Atoms bond in order to fill...	valence shell	5
5261660911	Octet Rule	Most atoms "want" 8 valence electrons and will share, steal, or give away electrons in order to fill valence shells	6
5261673482	Octet Rule Exceptions	those w/ <6 total electrons	7
5261680550	Covalent Bonding	Valence electrons shared Form molecules Single, double, triple bonds possible	8
5261690226	Nonpolar Covalent	Electrons are shared equally O2	9
5261692535	Polar Covalent	Electrons are not shared equally The more electronegative atom exerts a greater pull on the electrons being shared H2O	10
5261711256	In biology ___ bonds are considered stronger	Covalent	11
5261717455	Ionic Bonding	Electrons are lost or gained from the outer shell in order to fulfill the octet rule Water can dissociate ionic bonds easily	12
5261734884	Hydrogen Bonding	Weak bonds formed between molecules that contain polar covalent bonds	13
5261741346	Molecular Structure vs Function	Each molecule has a characteristic size and shape which determine its function	14
5261759793	Cohesion	Sticks together	15
5261759794	Adhesion	Sticks to other things	16
5261759851	High surface tension	water feels solid when you hit it bonds tighten	17
5261765401	High specific heat	Amt of heat absorbed or lost to change 1g of substance by 1 degree C REsists temp change Keeps earth w/in viable temp limits	18
5261799034	Water also has ____ & _____	High heat of vaporization, evaporative cooling	19
5261807001	Density of ice	less dense than liquid H bonds freeze and force molecules further apart in large bodies of water, top layer of ice insulates water below	20
5261819771	Water is most dense at	4 degrees C	21
5261831399	Universal solvent	dissolves materials creating aqueous solutions	22
5261842253	Water= ____ What's being dissolved = _____	Solvent, solute	23
5261849952	Direct result of water's polarity	Hydrophilic Hydrophobic	24
5261856713	Water pH	Pure water (H+) concentration (OH-) Adding acids or bases changes concentrations quickly	25
5261872792	pH is the measure of ____.	hydrogen ion concentration 0-14	26
5261876190	Acids	Donate H+ ions The more acidic a solution higher H+ concentration taste: sour	27
5261884716	Bases	Some donate OH- ions Basic solution: lower H+ concentration, higher pH value taste: bitter	28
5261898503	Buffer	Resist changes in pH Many in body (even minor changes can be life threatening) Blood: 7.4	29
5261913524	Hydrocarbons	Combinations of C & H Nonpolar not soluble in H20 hydrophobic stable little attraction between molecules gas at room temp	30
5261929280	Isomers	Molecules with some molecular formula but different structure	31
5261938537	Isomers have different ____ & ______.	Chemical properties, Biological functions	32
5261950371	Organic compounds	contains carbon chains divided into 4 families	33
5261965825	Functional Groups	Parts of organic compounds most commonly involved in chemical reactions Determine what bonds will be formed and functions of specific compounds	34
5261978386	Hydroxyl	-OH Organic compounds with OH- alcohols Names typically end in -ol ex. ethanol	35
5262009560	Carbonyl	C=O Aldehyde and Ketone	36
5262018743	Aldehyde	end of molecule (double bond)	37
5262018744	Ketone	middle of molecule	38
5262037551	Carboxyl	-COOH compounds with this: acids ex. fatty and amino acids	39
5262043142	Amino	-NH2 compounds with this: amines ex. amino acids acts as a base ammonia picks up H+ from solution	40
5262059574	Sulfhydryl	-SH Stabilize the structure of proteins	41
5262067421	Phosphate	-PO4 Increases gene expression lots of O= lots of negative charge highly reactive transfers energy between organic molecules	42
5262092282	Carbohydrates	Provide energy ex. candy, sugar, pasta, bread	43
5262099077	Carbohydrates contain ___ & ___	hydroxyl and carbonyl	44
5262104990	Three groups of carbohydrates	Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides	45
5262113926	_____ are the bodies first choice of energy	carbohydrates constant surplus, everything else will be stored up (cause weight gain)	46
5262122422	Monosaccharides	Carb monomer ex. glucose and fructose Formula CH2O	47
5262134358	Disaccharides	Double sugars ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose formed by dehydration synthesis	48
5262148589	Glycosidic linkage	bond formed between monosaccharides	49
5262153676	Dehydration synthesis	Monosaccharide + monosaccharide -> disaccharide + water	50
5261759727	Methyl	CH3	51
5268822979	Carbon forms ___	4 bonds	52
5268825873	Hydrogen forms ___	1 bond	53
5268828635	Oxygen forms ____	2 bonds	54
5268831364	Nitrogen forms ____	3 bonds	55
5268854430	Polysaccharides	complex	56
5268856941	Polysaccharide examples	starch, cellulose, glycogen	57
5268865358	Polysaccharides are ___ & _____ ______ for energy	stored and broken down	58
5268875726	What is added to break polysaccharides apart?	Water	59
5268879824	Polysaccharide: Cellulose	Most abundant organic compound on earth Indigestible roughage	60
5268894413	Herbivores evolved mechanism to digest ___. Most carnivores have not	cellulose	61
5268901131	Indicators of Carbohydrates	Benedict's solution Iodine	62
5268906819	Benedict's	Blue to orange in monosaccharide	63
5268908939	Iodine	amber to black in polysaccharide	64
5268917733	Lipids	hydrophobic smaller than true polymers varied in form and function	65
5268930568	Types of lipids	fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes and oils	66
5268934681	Lipid Monomer	Fatty Acids and Glycerol	67
5268937436	Fats: monomers examples	glycerol, fatty acids	68
5268945476	Ester linkage	bond between fatty acids and glycerol formed by dehydration synthesis	69
5268961253	Fats function in energy _____ & _____.	storage and protection	70
5268967423	Saturated	solid @ room temp	71
5272242271	Saturated fats examples	butter, coconut oil, animal fats	72
5272275119	Saturated fats bonds	No double bonds between carbons	73
5272278760	Unsaturated	Liquid @ room temp	74
5272282893	Unsaturated ex.	Plant oils	75
5272286291	Unsaturated fats bonds	Double bonds between carbons (do not have max # of hydrogens)	76
5272295983	Phospholipids	Similar to fats but w/ 2 fatty acids rather than 3	77
5272303686	Phospholipids OH group	3rd -OH group of glycerol joined to -PO4 group	78
5272313216	Phospholipids and water	Ambivalent behavior toward water (likes and dislikes)	79
5272318679	Phospholipid tails	hydrophobic	80
5272328095	Phosphate heads	neg charge and hydrophilic	81
5272330053	Phospholipids component	major component of cellular membranes	82
5272340223	Steroids	carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings	83
5272343600	Steroid use	animal cell membranes and hormones	84
5272364802	Protein monomers	amino acids	85
5272381352	Proteins contain	amino and carboxyl groups	86
5272385276	Protein use	support storage transport signaling immunity metabolism	87
5272391383	Protein structure	sophisticated in structure and function	88
5272395735	Protein accounts for	more than 50% of dry weight	89
5272406078	Amino Acid groups	amino, carboxyl, R-group	90
5272413782	Amino acid R-group	variable groups different for each amino acid	91
5272422131	R-group properties	unique chemical properties to each amino acid	92
5272434321	Peptides	Individual amino acids or Sequence of 2+ aminos created by dehydration synthesis	93
5272442546	Peptide bond	between amino acids	94
5272451161	Primary protein structure	Unique sequence; has to be exact sequences	95
5272451162	Primary protein example	hemoglobin normal vs sickled insulin	96
5272454683	Secondary protein structure	initial coiling and folding patterns that result from hydrogen bonds	97
5272454684	Secondary protein example	alpha helix - coils pleated sheet - folds	98
5272459550	Tertiary protein structure	Secondary coiling and folding	99
5272463104	Quaternary protein structure	Overall protein structure that comes from the way all the polypeptide subunits are situated	100
5272508232	Structure of proteins affected by	pH salt concentration temp other environmental factors	101
5272520146	When protein structure changes	function changes (denatured= inactive)	102
5272529195	Protein denaturation	Unfolding a protein, destroys functionality	103
5272536107	Denaturing conditions	disrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges	104
5272549708	Sickle cell anemia	folds are different longer spread out protein hydrophobic	105
5272556306	Biurets	indicator of protein blue -> violet in protein	106
5272565633	Nucleic Acids	Store and transmit hereditary information	107
5272567625	Nucleic Acid ex	DNA, RNA	108
5272574840	Phosphodiester bond	bond between nucleotides	109
5272577604	Nucleotides contain	sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)	110
5272592029	Eat to make more	DNA, RNA	111
5272618288	Metabolism	total amount of organism's chemical processes and reactions	112
5272621129	catabolic	breakdowns (molecules) release energy	113
5272625618	catabolic ex	cellular respiration where glucose is broken down and ATP is released, digestion	114
5272631607	anabolic	reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones requires energy input	115
5272634049	anabolic ex	synthesis of proteins from amino acids	116
5272644792	1st law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but neither created nor destroyed	117
5272653332	2nd law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer makes universe more disordered (entropy)	118
5272658931	2nd law example	heat is energy in its most random state	119
5272664637	Free energy	available for work represented: G	120
5272677112	Exergonic	Release free energy catabolic	121
5272680050	Exergonic ex	cellular respiration	122
5272682527	Endergonic	absorbs free energy anabolic	123
5272686598	Endergonic ex	photosynthesis (input of solar energy)	124
5272693512	Mechanical cellular work	movement ex. muscle contractions	125
5272695971	Transport cellular work	pumping of substances across membranes	126
5272695972	Chemical cellular work	pushing of endergonic reactions that do not occur spontaneously ex. dehydration synthesis	127
5272711518	ATP	Energy molecule used to power cellular work	128
5272724580	Cause of release of free energy	hydrolysis of last phosphate group	129
5272731014	Renewable molecule ATP	regenerated by addition of phosphate group of ATP	130
5272736876	ATP contains	3 phosphate groups @ end	131
5272742945	Competitive inhibition	another molecule competes directly for enzyme active site and blocks substrate attachment (fits in active site)	132
5272751227	Noncompetitive inhibition	Molecule attaches enzyme somewhere other than active site changes active site shaping preventing attachment to substrate	133