Biochemistry Flashcards

4996535585	Two Types of Chemical Reactions	1. Synthesis 2. Degredation	0
4996537655	Synthesis	-Two smaller things combine (ex: dehydration synthesis) -A product is created by combining two reactants	1
4996540010	Degredation	-One large thing breaks down (ex: hydrolysis) -A reactant is being broken down	2
4996542669	Dehydration Synthesis	The removal of water (H2O) to combine two reactants -Removal of -OH from one molecule and -H from the other	3
4996547745	Hydrolysis	The addition of water (H2O) to break a substance apart	4
4996550416	Octet Rule	-States that an atom must have 8 electrons in its outermost shell in order to be stable and have a complete outer shell (Exceptions: Hydrogen and Helium only need 2 electrons) -Chemical reactions occur in order to satisfy the octet rule	5
4996559921	Types of Bonds	1. Ionic Bond 2. Covalent Bond 3. Hydrogen Bond	6
4996562332	Ionic Bond	Atoms transfer electrons (medium strength)	7
4996563273	Covalent Bond	Atoms share electrons (strongest bond)	8
4996565388	Hydrogen Bond	Weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and another atom that bears a partially negative charge	9
4996574785	Inert Element	Atoms won't react with other atoms because their outermost shell is completely full	10
4996578585	Reactive Element	Atoms will react with other atoms because their outer shell is only partially full	11
4996584482	Ions	Atoms that have gained or lost an electron	12
4996586745	Anions	Atoms that gain an electron/become negative	13
4996588575	Cations	Atoms that loose an electron/become positive	14
4996593164	Structural Diagrams	-Represent covalent bonds between various elements in a compound -Each line represents one covalent bond/2 electrons -One line = Single bond = 2 electrons -Two lines = Double bond = 4 electrons -Three lines = Triple bond = 6 electrons	15
4996606658	Types of Covalent Bonds	1. Polar 2. Non-polar	16
4996607601	Polar Covalent Bonds	-Unequal sharing of electrons -The more electronegative element will attract most of the electrons	17
4996622672	Non-polar Covalent Bonds	-Equal sharing of electrons -Only occurs between two of the same elements (EX: 02, H2, N2)	18
4996615056	Electronegativity	-A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons -Elements closer to fluorine on the periodic table are more electronegative than elements farther away	19
4996632669	Ways to Represent Molecules	1. Structural Diagram 2. Bohr/Spatial Diagram 3. Chemical/Molecular Formula	20
4996635733	Organic Molecules	Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen (and usually oxygen)	21
4996638106	Inorganic Molecules	Molecules that don't have carbon and hydrogen	22
4996640914	4 Categories of Biomolecules	Polymers: Monomers: 1. Carbohydrates -> Monosaccarides (sugars) 2. Nucleic Acids --> Nucleotides 3. Proteins --------> Amino Acids 4. Lipids ----------> Glycerol and Fatty Acids	23
4996659397	Isomer	-Same atoms arranged differently -Same chemical composition/formula -Different structure = Different behavior (Ex: Butane and 2-methyl-propane both have 4 carbons and 10 hydrogens)	24
4996673413	Bond Capacity of Abundant Atoms in Organic Compunds	Carbon- 4 Nitrogen- 3 Oxygen- 2 Hydrogen- 1	25
5064698444	Functional Groups	-Methyl -Hydroxyl -Carbonyl -Phosphate -Carboxyl -Amine	26
5064712480	Methyl	Three hydrogens bonded to a carbon	27
5064717616	Hydroxyl	A hydrogen bonded to an oxygen bonded to a carbon	28
5064726368	Carbonyl	An oxygen double bonded to a carbon	29
5064734115	Phosphate	One double bonded and three single bonded oxygens coming off a phosphorous	30
5064755706	Carboxyl	A hydroxyl and carbonyl group (A hydrogen bonded to an oxygen coming off a carbon double bonded to a oxygen)	31
5064770130	Amine	Two hydrogens bonded to a nitrogen	32
5064807876	Polymers	Large molecules made of repeating units	33
5064809607	Monomers	-Small units -Building blocks of polymers -Different for each molecule	34