AP World History : Chapter 10 Flashcards

8116540621	Middle Ages	The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.	0
8116540622	gothic	An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.	1
8116540623	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.	2
8116540624	Manorialism	System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.	3
8116540625	Serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.	4
8116540626	Moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.	5
8116540627	Three-field system	One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility.	6
8116540628	Clovis	: King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	7
8116540629	Carolingians	Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries	8
8116540630	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.	9
8116540631	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800	10
8116540632	Holy Roman emperors	Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	11
8116540633	Feudalism	Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service	12
8116540634	Vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	13
8116540635	Capetians	French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy	14
8116540636	William the Conqueror	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	15
8116540637	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.	16
8116540638	Parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals	17
8116540639	Hundred Years War	Conflict between England and France (1337-1453).	18
8116540640	Pope Urban II	Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	19
8116540641	St. Clare of Assisi	13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church	20
8116540642	Gregory VII	11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops	21
8116540643	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	22
8116540644	St. Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities	23
8116540645	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.	24
8116540646	Scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems	25
8116540647	Troubadours	Poets in 14th-century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in the Western tradition	26
8116540648	Hanseatic League	An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	27
8116540649	Guilds	Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities	28
8116540650	Black Death	Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	29
8116540651	Roman Catholic church	Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.	30
8116540652	Pope	Meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church	31
8116540653	Franks	One of the principal tribes of the Germanic peoples; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries.	32
8116540654	Benedict of Nursia	(480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.	33
8116540655	Three estates	The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.	34
8116540656	Ferdinand and Isabella	King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims	35
8116540657	Reconquista	Ferdinand and Isabella's attempt to drive the Muslims out of Spain.	36
8116540658	First Crusade	(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem	37
8116540659	Third Crusade	(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt	38
8116540660	Fourth Crusade	(1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople	39
8116540661	Francis of Assisi	(1181 - 1226) Son of wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty; later founded the Holy Order of St. Francis	40
8116540662	Investiture	A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols	41
8116540663	Augustine of Hippo	(354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church	42
8116540664	Roger Bacon	(1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution	43
8116540665	Geoffrey Chaucer	English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury	44
8116540666	Romanesque	Architectural style which was an adaptation of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form	45
8116540667	Beowulf	Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf	46
8116540668	Chivalry	Medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak	47