Biochemistry Flashcards

7887468648	cell theory	theory that states all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life	0
7887481164	organelle	membrane bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell	1
7887490812	prokaryotic cell	cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles	2
7887502811	eukaryotic cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles	3
7887509615	passive transport	movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell	4
7887519479	active transport	energy requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration	5
7887539802	concentration gradient	difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another	6
7887547060	selective permeability	condition or quality of allowing some but not all materials to cross a barrier or membrane	7
7887555360	osmosis	diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration	8
7887569377	diffusion	movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration	9
7887586864	homeostasis	regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism	10
7913571854	cytoplasm	jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks and contains organelles	11
7913588637	nucleus	the storehouse for the genetic information(DNA) It protect the DNA and make sure it is available for use at the proper times	12
7913615355	smooth er	makes lipids and hormones and performs other specialized functions	13
7913630414	rough er	responsible for the assembly of many proteins	14
7913657439	ribosomes	tiny organelles that link amino acids to form proteins. They are the sight of protein synthesis and active participants	15
7913682943	golgi apparatus	process, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins. It contains enzymes that make changes to proteins	16
7913700771	vesicles	divide materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell. also protects proteins to be transported to the golgi apparatus	17
7913734584	mitochondria	supplies energy to the cell. Has 2 membranes that converts molecuels from the food you eat into usuable energy	18
7913749382	vacoule	a fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by the cell. It strengthens the cell and helps to support the entire plant	19
7913798510	lysosomes	membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes and defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses and break down damaged or worn out cell parts	20
7913815349	centriole	organelles that double and help to divide the cell and organize microtubules to form cilia and flagella	21
7913834039	cell wall	a rigid layer that gives protection,support,and shape to the cell only found in plants	22
7913856770	chloroplast	organelles that carry out photosynthesis that converts solar energy into energy rich molecules the cell can use	23
7939855807	cell membrane	forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell	24
7939860551	phospholipid	a molecule composed of a charged phosphate group,glycerol,two fatty acid chains	25
7939878408	phospahte groups and glycerol	what 2 parts of the phospholipid makes up the head?	26
7939885001	head	what part of the phospholipid is polar?	27
7939887696	tails	what part of the phospholipid is nonpolar?	28
7939896472	fluid mosaic model	describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up the cell membrane	29
7939911309	its flexible and object on the surface can slide past each other	in what way is a membrane like a fluid?	30
7939915337	receptor	a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response	31
7939933387	isotonic	has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell. Water molecules move in and out of the cell at an equal rate so the cell size remains constant	32
7939935905	hypertonic	has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside	33
7939956367	hypotonic	has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. Water molecules are more concentrated outside than inside of a cell	34
7939965837	facilitated diffusion	the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins	35
7940001625	both uses transport proteins	how is active transport similar to facilitated diffusion	36
7940016713	energy(ATP)	what does a cell use during active transport	37
7940044304	vesicle	what does a substance get transported if the substance is too large to pass through the membrane	38
7940055641	endocytosis	the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane	39
7940063581	exocytosis	release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane	40
7940074874	lysosomal enzymes	what breaks down the vesicle membrane and its contents and are then released into the cell	41
7952746773	cytoskeleton	a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell	42
7952754203	microtubules	give cell its shape and help the movement of organelles	43
7964463255	plasma membrane	what is a cell membrane also known as	44
7964469317	tail,head,cholesterol,carbs	4 main parts of cell membrane	45
7964478705	diffusion and active transport	two ways material can get into the cell	46
7964484692	osmosis and diffusion	2 ways passive transport can happen	47
7964492730	protein pumps,endocytosis,exocytosis	3 ways active transport can happen	48
7964511415	extracellular and intracellular	2 parts to a cell's enviornment	49
7982410670	nucleolus	produces ribosomes	50
7982415659	chromosomes	contains genes	51
7982427464	cytoplasm,cell membrane,DNA	what 3 things do all cells have in common	52
7982441145	integral proteins	what spans the membrane	53
7982445024	peripheral proteins	what proteins are on one side or the other of the membrane	54
7982450602	phagocytosis,pinocytosis,receptor mediated cytosis	what 3 ways can endocytosis occur?	55
7982459332	against concentration gradient	how do active transport proteins move	56
8041845234	amino acid	molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur	57
8041870509	covalent bond	chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons	58
8041876777	monomer	molecular subunit of a polymer	59
8041881527	polymer	large,carbon-based molecule formed by monomers	60
8041887617	carbohydrate	molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches	61
8041900417	lipid	nonpolar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils	62
8041908655	fatty acid	hydrogen chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	63
8041916801	protein	polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids	64
8041933766	molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds; not necessarily a compound	65
8041945407	nucleic acid	polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms	66
8058377729	give functionality to chemicals and molecules	What do functional groups do	67
8058385013	dehydration synthesis	what is the process of putting monomers together called	68
8058399888	dna and rna	two types of nucleic acid	69
8058402959	nucelotides	the monomer of nucelic acids	70
8058405144	base,sugar,phosphate	3 parts of a nucleotide	71
8058410047	eating food	how do we get our dna	72
8058412781	amino acids	the monomer of proteins	73
8058415463	20	how many amino acids are there	74
8058419090	side/r group	what part of the amino acid makes it different	75
8058432160	phospholipid,cholesterol,triglyceride,fatty acid	what are the four types of lipids	76
8058440734	hydrocarbon tails	what ties all types of lipids together	77
8058449604	coconut oil	difference between saturated and unsaturated	78
8058455701	monosaccharide,diaccharide,polysaccharide	what 3 units does carbs come in	79
8058470385	glucose	monomer of carbohydrates	80
8058474738	cellular respiration	what can broken down carbs be used for	81
8058482802	nucleic acid,proteins,carbs,lipids	4 categories of macro molecules	82
8058490290	carbon	what are all organic molecules based on	83
8058503788	shape/form	what determines how organic molecules look and behave	84
8058516817	carbon,hydrogen,oxygen	elements all carbs contain	85
8058523704	starch,glycogen,cellulose	3 classes of carbs	86
8058525991	starch	which class of carbs involves food storage in plants	87
8058530797	glycogen	which class of carbs involves food storage in animals	88
8058537181	support in plants	what is cellulose used for	89
8058547523	peptide bond	what is the name of the bond that joins amino acids	90
8058556220	sequence and shapes of r groups	what determines the shape and function of a protein	91
8082786809	chon	chemical elements of protein	92
8082789515	chonp	chemical elements of nucleic acids	93
8082798490	nucleic acids	protein synthesis and hereditary info is the purpose of this organic compound	94
8082815567	benedicts	what lab tested simple sugar	95
8082819944	iodine	what lab tested starch	96
8082859189	biuret	what lab tested protein	97
8082877939	dipeptide,polypeptide	complex units of proteins	98
8082898790	organic	which type of compound has carbon in it and is essential for all living things	99
8082902105	inorganic	which compounds dont have carbon and are found in naturally occuring products	100
8082910032	four	how many electrons are in carbon's outermost energy level	101
8082916710	polymerization	what is it called when you bond together monomers and polymers	102
8163282548	reactant	substance that is changed by a chemical reaction	103
8163286688	product	substance formed by a chemical reaction	104
8163291151	activation energy	energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction	105
8163298740	exothermic	chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat	106
8163332749	endothermic	chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy	107
8163338404	catalyst	substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction	108
8163353062	enzyme	protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms	109
8163359426	substrate	reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts	110
8163407777	amino acids	what are enzymes made of	111
8163414430	maltase	what breaks the bond and frees two glucose pieces and only accepts maltose molecules	112
8163427151	active site	what breaks the bond on an enzyme and two glucose molecules float away	113
8163439776	grow,reproduce,create energy	what do the cells use enzymes for	114
8163445409	amalyse	what substance breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules	115
8163451967	lipase	what substance break down fats	116
8163460711	peptide	what is a short amino acid	117
8163463582	protease	any enzyme that can break a long protein into peptides	118
8163472143	energy enzyme	allows cell to turn to glucose and oxygen for ATP	119
8163477963	restriction enzymes	recognizes viral dna and cuts it	120
8163489898	dna manipulation enzyme	moves along dna strands and repairs them	121
8163497576	enzyme production enzyme	produces the cell's enzymes	122