Biochemistry Flashcards

7580604709	carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	0
7580604710	pH	a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.	1
7580604711	compound	A pure substance made of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined.	2
7580604712	molecule	A neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds; smallest unit of a compound joined together	3
7580604713	cell	Basic unit of life	4
7580604714	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C'; A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food	5
7580604715	energy	Ability to do work or cause change	6
7580604716	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	7
7580604717	phosphate bond	a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule	8
7580604718	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
7580604719	organic	Carbon-containing	10
7580604720	inorganic	Does not contain carbon; Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	11
7580604721	synthesis	Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones; A+B=AB	12
7580604722	protein	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	13
7580604723	energy storage	carbohydrates and lipids	14
7580604724	structural support		15
7580604725	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
7580604726	biological molecule	chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism	17
7580604727	active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	18
7580604728	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	19
7580604729	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	20
7580604730	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	21
7580604731	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	22
7580604732	steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	23
7580604733	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	24
7580604734	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	25
7580604735	fructase	-ase suffix Most enzymes end in "-ase" suffix, but not all enzymes. Some enzymes were named prior to the adoption of this process; "ose" turns to "ase" after decomposition reactions; structural -- what gives a macromolecule its shape [chitin]	26
7580604736	"ose"	used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars	27
7580604737	chemical structure	The way atoms in a compound are bonded it represents the structure of a compound.	28
7580604738	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	29
7580604739	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	30
7580604740	polar molecule	Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	31
7580604741	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	32
7580604742	biochemical	The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.	33
7580604743	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.	34
7580604744	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	35
7580604745	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	36
7580604746	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	37
7580604747	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	38
7580604748	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	39
7580604749	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	40
7580604750	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	41
7580604751	monosacchride	single sugar molecule	42
7580604752	fructose	A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey	43
7580604753	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	44
7580604754	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	45
7580604755	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
7580604756	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	47
7580604757	nucleic acid	(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	48
7580604758	peptide	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	49
7580604759	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	50
7580604760	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	51
7580604761	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	52
7580604762	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	53
7580604763	maltose	a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose units (a disaccharide)	54
7580604764	cyclic	occurring in cycles; regularly repeated	55
7580604765	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	56
7580604766	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	57
7580604767	sucrose	A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar	58
7580604768	glycogen	A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers	59
7580604769	hexoses	carbohydrates with six carbon atoms	60
7580604770	enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	61
7580604771	enzyme substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	62
7580604772	polymerization	An organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain	63