BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

7201509610	What is biochemistry?	The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical process and substances which occur within living organisms	0
7201509611	Most are important macromolecules	Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Polysaccharides	1
7201509612	Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids	Organic Nitrogenous Base, Pentose Sugar and Phosphate Group	2
7201509613	Organic Nitrogenous Base	Derivation of Purine and Pyrimide	3
7201509614	Purine	Adenine and Guanine	4
7201509615	Pentose Sugar	Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA)	5
7201509616	Phosphodiester Bond + Ester Bonds (Phosphorous)	Nucleosides= Nitrogenous bases with a ribose Nucleotides= Nitrogenous bases w/ a ribose and a phosphate	6
7201509617	Genotype	The genetic constitution of an individual organism	7
7201509618	Phenotype	the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.	8
7201509619	Amino Acids	Organic Compound containing -COOH and a amino (-NH2) group End product of a protein	9
7201509620	Number of Standard Amino Acids	20	10
7201509621	Non-Polar, Aliphatic residues	Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline	11
7201509622	Aromatic Residues	Phenylanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan	12
7201509623	Polar, Non-Charged Residues	Serine, Theonine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine	13
7201509624	Negatively Charged Residues	Asparate, Glutamate	14
7201509625	Positively Charged Residues	Lysine, Arginine, Histidine	15
7201509626	Function of Nucleic Acids	Storage and Transmission of Biological Info	16
7201509627	Pyramide	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil	17
7201509628	Phosphodiester Bond	Strong Covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrate (Pentose sugar) The backbone of DNA strands	18
7201509629	Secondary Structure	Set of interactions between bases	19
7201509630	Watson-Crick Model Base pairs	A-T G-C	20
7201509631	A-T pair (Watson-Crick Model)	2 Hydrogen Bonds	21
7201509632	G-C pair (Watson-Crick Model)	3 Hydrogen Bonds	22
7201509633	What does Secondary Structure do?	Responsible for the shape that nucleic acid assumes	23
7201509634	Possible Models of Replication	Conservative Semi-Conservative Dispersive	24
7201509635	Conservative Model of Replication		25
7201509636	Semi-Conservative Model of Replication		26
7201509637	Dispersive Model of Replication		27
7201509638	Two major forms of polynucleotides	A and B	28
7201509639	Which form is DNA in?	B form	29
7201509640	Alpha Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	33 Degrees	30
7201509641	Beta Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	36 Degrees	31
7201509642	Tertiary Structure	The three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer.	32
7201509643	Characteristic of Tertiary Structure	Linear vs. Circular Relaxed vs. Supercoiled	33
7201509644	Conformation of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid	Random Coil Stacked Base Structure Hairpin Formation	34
7201509645	Random Coil	Single Strand Flexibility of rotation No specific structure	35
7201509646	Stacked base structure (Single-Strand Helix)	Single strand Bases stacks pull the chain into the helix NO H-Bonding	36
7201509647	Hairpin Formation (Double-Strand Helix)	Double Stranded Chain folds back on itself to make stem loop structure Hydrogen bonds link the strands together	37
7201509648	Histones	Proteins found in the nuclei which package the DNA into units called NUCLEOSOMES. They are the chief component of chromatin	38
7201509649	Role of Histones	Acts as a poole which words the DNA and regulates the genes. W/o it the the DNA would unwound and be extremely long	39
7201509650	Solenoids	Structure of chromatin	40
7201509651	Chromosomes	Structures located inside the nucleus. Made up of protein and a single DNA	41
7201509652	α-Amino acid	A molecule containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that are separated by one carbon	42
7201509653	Zwitterion	a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.	43
7201509654	Amphiphilic	having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.	44
7201509655	L-Amino Acids	amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome	45
7201509656	D-Amino Acids	proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum	46
7201509657	Quaternary Structure	Complex of protein Molecules	47
7201509658	Stereoisomers	isomers that differ only in how their atoms are oriented in space	48
7201509659	Oligopeptide	A few amino acids joined by peptide bonds.	49
7201509660	Polypeptide	long chain of amino acids that makes proteins	50
7201509661	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	51
7201509662	Peptone	a soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion.	52
7201509663	F(filamentous)-Protein	insoluble in water, weak acids and weak bases but soluble in strong acids and alkalis	53
7201509664	G(globular)-Protein	are soluble in water, acids and bases	54
7201509665	N-terminus	the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide	55
7201509666	C-Terminus	the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group.	56
7201509667	Peptide Bond (Amide Bond)	covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain	57
7201509668	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	58
7201509669	Polymer	a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.	59
7201509670	Post-translational modification (PTM)	the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis	60
7201509671	Lipids	substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents.	61
7201509672	Function of Lipids	Energy Production Heat production Insulation	62
7201509673	Types of Lipids	Fatty Acids Fats (Triacylglycerols) Waxes Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	63
7201509674	Lipids in General	Insoluble molecules Form: Micelles, Vesicles, Bilayers	64
7201509675	Fatty Acids	Consist Hydrocarbon chain and a a terminal carboxyl group Contain one or more double bonds	65
7201509676	Cholesterol	consisting of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure.	66
7201509677	Cis- Configuration	a polar molecule	67
7201509678	Trans- Configuration	a non-polar molecule	68
7201509679	Fats (Triacylglycerol)	Trimester of Fatty acids long-term energy storage molecule in many organism	69
7201509680	Glycerol		70
7201509681	Fats (Triacylglycerol) Behavior	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	71
7201509682	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	Conversion of liquid oils into semi-solid Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes important physical properties (Melting range)	72
7201509683	Waxes	Lipid that is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid Made up of 12-32 carbon atoms	73
7201509684	Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	component of all cell membrane Amphiphilic Most natural occurring fat	74
7201509685	Bilayer		75
7201509686	Monolayer		76
7201509687	Micelle		77
7201509688	Vesicles		78
7201509689	Liposome		79
7201509690	Carbohydrate	Chemical compound which contains oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Also known as Saccharides Important storage and transport form of energy C₆H₁₂O₆	80
7201509691	Four Types of Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides	81
7201509692	Monosaccharides	1 monomer single sugar ex. Fructose, Glucose	82
7201509693	Disaccharides	2 monomers 2 saccharides ex. Sucrose	83
7201509694	Oligosaccharides	3-10 monomers linked to a.a or lipids ex. Raffinose	84
7201509695	Polysaccharides	>10 monomers complex carbohydrates, w/ linear chains ex. Starch, Amylose, Cellulose	85
7201509696	Distinguishing Criteria of Carbohydrates	Consist ONLY of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen/ Oxygen atom ratio 2:1	86
7201509697	Three Different Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Placement of its carbonyl group Number of carbon atom it contains Its chirality (= asymmetric)	87
7201509698	Cellulose	An insoluble substance A polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers	88
7201509699	Chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides The major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.	89
7201509700	Glycogen	A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.	90
7201509701	Starch	A polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.	91
7201509702	Aldehydes	A functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain	92
7201509703	Ketones	is an organic compound with the structure RCR', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents	93
7201509704	Fischer's Projection	a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule	94
7201509705	Formaldehyde	a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH₂O.	95
7201509706	Glycolaldehyde	the organic compound with the formula HOCH₂-CHO.	96
7201509707	Inositol	a chemical compound with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ or (-CHOH-)₆, a six-fold alcohol of cyclohexane	97
7201509708	Biochemistry of Carbohydrate	4 Carbons	98
7201509709	Deoxyribose	a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen.	99
7201509710	Function of Carbohydrates	Generating and Storing Biological Energy Molecular Recognition (Immune System) Cellular Protection (bacterial and plant cell wall) Cell Signaling Cell Adhesion Maintaining Biological Structure (Cellulose) Biological Lubricants	100
7201509711	Sugar	any of the class of soluble, crystalline, typically sweet-tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues and exemplified by glucose and sucrose.	101
7201509712	NucleoSIDES	Nitrogenous base w/ ribose	102
7201509713	NucleoTIDES	Nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate	103
7201509714	Adenine (DNA/RNA)		104
7201509715	Uracil (RNA)		105
7201509716	Guanine (DNA/RNA)		106
7201509717	Cytosine (DNA/RNA)		107
7201509718	Thymine (DNA)		108
7201509719	Types of Transport	Non Mediated Transport Transport by Vesicles Mediated Transport	109
7201509720	Non Mediated Transport	Diffusion	110
7201509721	Transport by Vesicles		111
7201509722	Mediated Transport	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels) Active Transport (ATP)	112
7201509723	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels)		113
7201509724	Active Transport (ATP)		114
7201509725	The Role of Enzyme Chemical Reactions	Synthesis Decomposition Single Displacement Double Displacement	115
7201509726	Low Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B ==> A-B	116
7201509727	High Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B =(synthesis)=> A-B	117
7201509728	Roles of Enzymes	Rates Sufficient for life Selective for their Substance Most Enzymes are Proteins Assist in Catalysis	118
7201509729	Building Blocks for Enzymology	Substrates (S) Enzymes (E) Products (P)	119
7201509730	Cholesterol Functions	Build & Maintain Membranes Hormone Production Vitamin D Production Bile Production	120
7201509731	Lab Techniques for Protein Analyse	Photometry Electrophoresis Chromatography Bradford-assay Absorbance of wavelength	121
7201509732	Photometry	Measurement of Light Shows Intensity of a beam of light after passing through a sample	122
7201509733	Chromatography	technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.	123
7201509734	Electrophoresis	technique in order to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. This is used for both DNA and RNA analysis.	124
7201509735	Bradford-Assay	spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution	125
7201509736	Rosalind Franklin dates	(1920-1958)	126
7201509737	Francis Crick	(1916-2004)	127
7201509738	James Watson	(1928- )	128
7201509739	Tautomerization	A formal isomers of the nitrogenous based	129
7201509740	Enzyme inhibition	molecule that binds to an enzyme and lowers its activity. (can kill pathogens or correct metabolic imbalances)	130
7201509741	Competitive inhibition	binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice-versa	131
7201509742	Non-competitive Inhibition	where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bounded to the substrate	132
7201509743	Uncompetitive Inhibition	Does not compete for the active site but affects the catalytic event	133
7201509744	Number of human genomes	51	134
7201509745	Human chromosomes	23 Pairs	135
7201509746	Replisome	complex of enzymes work on replication of DNA	136
7201509747	Genome	the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.	137
7201509748	Hormones in General	Signal Transduction Hormone Action Membrane Receptors	138
7201509749	Signal transduction	Involves cell to cell communication via: Neurotransmitters Hormones Growth factors Pheromones	139
7201509750	Pheromones	Chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal or insect affecting its physiology or behavior	140
7201509751	Hormone Action	influences and controls: Enzyme Activity Synthesis of specific proteins Membrane permeability to ions or small metabolites	141
7201509752	Membrane Receptors	includes: proteins that influence second-messenger synthesis Ion channels Proteins with intrinsic enzyme activity	142
7201509753	What is a hormone	any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.	143
7201509754	Systemic	Glands Hormones Nerves	144
7201509755	Cellular	Neurotransmission GPCR (G-protein coupled receptors)	145
7201509756	Classification of Glands	Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland	146
7201509757	Exocrine Gland	Excretes its product mostly via ducts inside the body	147
7201509758	Endocrine Gland	Signals target distant cells, secrets its product directly into the bloodstream or by diffusion	148
7201509759	Exocrine Gland (Diagram)		149
7201509760	Endocrine Gland (Diagram)		150
7201509761	Types of intercellular Communication	Direct Indirect	151
7201509762	Direct Intercellular Communication	Gap Junctions	152
7201509763	Indirect Intercellular Communication	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion Neurotransmitter Secretion Neurohormone Secretion	153
7201509764	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion		154
7201509765	Neurotransmitter Secretion		155
7201509766	Neurohormone Secretion		156
7201509767	Juxacrine	Signals target adjacent (touching cells)	157
7201509768	Autocrine	signals are produced by the target cell, secreted and effect the target cell itself via receptors	158
7201509769	Paracrine	signals target cell in the vicinity of the emitting cell. NEUROTRANSMITTERS	159
7201509770	Lipophilic	tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats	160
7201509771	Lipophobic	tending to repulse compounds therefore not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents.	161