Biochemistry Flashcards

4954327803	carbon; hydrogen	Organic compounds based on ______ and are secondly based on ___________.	0
4954327804	4	Carbon contains ____ valence electrons.	1
4954327805	monomer	most basic unit of any organic compound; consists of a simple molecule and serve as a unit in a polymer; link with covalent bonds	2
4954327806	macromolecule	one large polymer; proteins, carbs, nucleic acid, lipids	3
4954327807	condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)	monomers join to form polymers and water is formed	4
4954327808	condensation and hydrolysis	2 chemical reactions of carbon compounds	5
4954327809	characteristics; consistently	Functional groups give molecules their unique ____________ and behave ___________.	6
4954327810	hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate	4 types of functional groups	7
4954327811	hydroxyl group (-OH)	functional group that is polar and attracts to water	8
4954327812	alcohols	compounds containing hydroxyl groups	9
4954327813	carboxyl group		10
4954327814	carboxylic acids; hydrogen ions	compounds containing carboxyl groups; considered acids because they release what in a solution?	11
4954327815	amino group	functional group that acts as a base because they reduce amount of hydrogen ions in solution; pH goes up; important in proteins	12
4954327816	amines	compounds containing amino groups	13
4954327817	phosphate group	functional group that is component of nucleic acid and ATP and is important in energy transfer	14
4954327818	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid	4 organic compounds of life	15
4954327819	carbohydrate	-composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -main energy for life -provide structure for living things	16
4954327820	C6 H12 O6 (ratio= 1:2:1 as C:H:O)	general formula of a monosaccharide is	17
4954327821	monosaccharide	monomer of carbohydrate	18
4954327822	glucose, fructose, and galactose	3 most common monosaccharides	19
4954327823	glucose	monosaccharid/blood and plants; sugar in plants	20
4954327824	fructose	monosaccharide/sugar found in fruit	21
4954327825	galactose	monosaccharide/sugar found in milk	22
4954327826	isomers	glucose, fructose, and galactose are all-	23
4954327827	isomer	the structure for monosaccharides is an ________ : formula is same but structure is different	24
4954327828	disaccharides	polymers of carbs	25
4954327829	sucrose, lactose	2 polymers of carbs	26
4954327830	sucrose	disaccharide that is glucose and fructose; makes up sugar cane/table sugar	27
4954327831	lactose	disaccharide that is galactose and glucose; makes up milk sugar	28
4954327832	starch, cellulose, glycogen, chiten	4 macromolecules of carbs	29
4954327833	starch	macromolecule of carbs found in potatoes, pasta; made up of glucose	30
4954327834	storage form of glucose in a plant	function of starch:	31
4954327835	cellulose	macromolecule of carbs that can't be digested (fiber)	32
4954327836	structural carbohydrate; makes up plant cell walls	function of cellulose	33
4954327837	glycogen	macromolecule of carbs that is energy storage; how animals store glucose; temporary glucose storage	34
4954327838	chiten	macromolecule of carbs that is structural; makes up exoskeleton of terrestrial arthropods	35
4954327839	protein	composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms	36
4954327840	-provide structure, catalyze chemical reactions, help with transportation (ex: hemoglobin tranports oxygen), fight infection, regulate body functions, and help cells comunicate	function of proteins	37
4954327841	make up enzymes which serve as catalysts	how do proteins help catalyze chemical reactions?	38
4954327842	make up antibodies that help locate/fight disease in the bloodstream	how do proteins help fight diseases?	39
4954327843	receptor proteins	what kind of protein helps with cell comminication	40
4954327844	make up insulin which regulates body sugar levels	how do proteins help regulate bodily functions?	41
4954327845	protein function that gives structure in hair and nails	keratin	42
4954327846	protein function that gives structure by making up skin and muscle (used to treat wrinkles in plastic surgery)	collegen	43
4954327847	amino acid	monomer of a protein	44
4954327848	20	# of different amino acids due to different R/variable groups	45
4954327849	dipeptide	polymers of protein	46
4954327850	"R" groups	what determines the difference between amino acid groups?	47
4954327851	false- they are very rare!	true/false: dipetides are very common	48
4954327852	polypeptide	many amino acids linked together	49
4954327853	peptide bonds	covalent bonds that join amino acids into dipeptides and polypeptide	50
4954327854	3-D	structure of protein: large macromolecules that are twisted and folded into _____ molecules	51
4954327855	primary structure	protein structure that the sequence of amino acids determines structure and function of protein	52
4954327856	genes	___________ determines the function and shape of a protein	53
4954327857	primary structure	which structure of proteins (primary, secondary, or tertiary) is the most important	54
4954327858	secondary structure	protein structure where hydrogen bonding causes regular folding along polypeptide backbone; beginning of 3-D	55
4954327859	tertiary structure	protein structure where hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonding occurs between "2" groups; twists and folds	56
4954327860	hydrophobic; hydrophilic	go away from water; attracted to water	57
4954327861	quaternary structure	2+ tertiary subunits that bond together	58
4954327862	enzyme	type of protein that act as catalysts in metabolism; speed up chem. reactions	59
4954327863	activation energy	Enzymes speed up chem. reactions by lowering the ...	60
4954327864	substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works; bind to enzyme	61
4954327865	temperature, pH, availability of enzyme	factors that affect reactivity of an enzyme	62
4954327866	lipid	composed of carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen -long-term energy storage, protect, act as reactants in metabolism, compose cell MEMBRANE	63
4954327867	fatty acids	Most lipids contain _______ ______. ("monomer" of lipids)	64
4954327868	saturated and unsaturated; saturated	fatty acids can be _________ and _____________; ___________ has more hydrogen and is more non-polar	65
4954327869	triglycerides, wax, steroids, phospholipids	4 types of lipids	66
4954327870	triglyceride	type of lipid that can be oil (unsaturated fatty acids; liquid) and fat (saturated fatty acids; solid)	67
4954327871	wax	type of lipid that protects; waterproofs	68
4954327872	steroid	type of lipid that are reactants in metabolism (estrogen, testosterone); only lipid not made of fatty acids	69
4954327873	phospholipid	type of lipid that makes up cell membrane of every living thing; one end repels and one end attracts water	70
4954327874	nucleic acid	composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; stores and transports genetic info	71
4954327875	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acid	72
4954327876	RNA and DNA	polymers of nucleic acid	73
4954327877	DNA	polymer of nucleic acid that stores genetic info; double-stranded, sugar=deoxyribose, bases: thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine	74
4954327878	RNA	polymer of nucleic acid that transports genetic info to make protein; single-stranded, sugar is ribose, bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine	75
4954327879	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen	6 major elements of life	76
4954327880	denatured	an enzyme becomes __________ when conditions are changed	77
4954327881	carbon	all organic compounds have the elements __________ and in them for the exception of some minerals and atmospheric gases	78
4954327882	carbon and hydrogen	organic compounds consist of _______ and _______ covalently bonded together	79
4954327883	smallest organic compound	methane	80
4954327884	monomers, polymers, macromolecules	identify the three main types of structures of Carbon Compounds	81
4954327885	polymer	compounds made up of repeating linked monomers (linked covalently)	82
4954327886	4 groups of carbon macromolecules	lipids, nucleic acids, carbs, and proteins	83
4954327887	condensation reaction and hydrolysis reaction	2 chemical reactions of carbon compounds	84
4954327888	condensation reaction	monomers join to form polymers (covalently), water is formed (opposite of hydrolysis reaction)	85
4954327889	dehydration synthesis	another name for condensation reaction	86
4954327890	hydrolysis reaction	polymers are broken down into monomers (covalent bonds are broken) and water is lost (opposite of condensation reaction)	87
4954327891	functional groups	the regions of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions	88
4954327892	functional group	what gives organic molecules their unique characteristics	89
4954327893	true	true/false: functional groups remain behave consistently from organic molecule to the next	90