Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 5942760960 | What happens in condensation reaction? | water molecule is removed from two monomers | 0 | |
| 5942768008 | Examples of monomers (3) | simple sugar, amino acid, fatty acid | 1 | |
| 5942771463 | Examples of macromolecule (3) | protein, DNA (or RNA), lipid | 2 | |
| 5942799464 | Smallest living unit of an organism | cell | 3 | |
| 5942809646 | These structures lack a nucleus or organelles (bacteria) | prokaryotes | 4 | |
| 5942811968 | These structures have a nucleus and organelles (plants/animals) | eukaryotes | 5 | |
| 5942821828 | Where in the cell is protein made? | RER | 6 | |
| 5942839421 | Site in a cell for synthesis and metabolism of lipids | SER | 7 | |
| 5942843198 | Cell structure that processes and packages macromolecules | Golgi apparatus | 8 | |
| 5942846281 | Cell structure that contains digestive enzymes ("garbage men of the cell") | lysosomes | 9 | |
| 5942894829 | What form of protein, carbs, and fats are absorbable by intestine, respectively? (3) | amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids/glycerol | 10 | |
| 5942922124 | Functions of salivary glands (4) | moisten food, clean teeth, dissolve molecules, digest | 11 | |
| 5942928122 | Functions of stomach (2) | digestion, secret acids, mucus, and digestive enzymes | 12 | |
| 5942943540 | How many liters of gastric juice is produced by the stomach each day? | 2-3L | 13 | |
| 5942951963 | Inactive precursor of active enzyme pepsin; chops protein into small fragments (activated by HCl or pepsin) | pepsinogen | 14 | |
| 5942960752 | HCl helps to activate _______________, break down _____________ ___________, destroy ______________, and denature ______________ | pepsinogen, connective tissue, pathogens, proteins | 15 | |
| 5942968204 | How does the stomach protect itself from HCl and pepsin? (3) | mucus coat, rapid replacement of cells, tight junctions between cells | 16 | |
| 5942977246 | This is essential to the absorption of Vitamin B12; only indispensable function of the stomach | intrinsic factor | 17 | |
| 5942991794 | Gastrin is secreted by ________ in gastric gland into the ________ | G cells, blood | 18 | |
| 5942997237 | Gastrin stimulates secretion of _____, and the motility of _________ ____________. | HCl, large intestine | 19 | |
| 5943004463 | Three stages of gastric secretion | cephalic, gastric, intestinal | 20 | |
| 5943008201 | First stimulation of cephalic phase | sight/smell of food | 21 | |
| 5943021969 | Gastric phase stimulated by what? | food in stomach | 22 | |
| 5943046495 | Intestinal phase: after entering small intenstines, chyme inhibit gastric secretion and mobility via... (2) | enterogastric reflex, local hormones (secretin, CCK, GIP) | 23 | |
| 5943053414 | When acid in the intestine stops G-cells from secreting gastrin thus slowing or stopping gastric motility | enterogastric reflex | 24 | |
| 5943086626 | When no chyme is in the small intestine, the ______________ sphincter is closed. Bile flows into the ____________. | hepatopancreatic, gallbladder | 25 | |
| 5943090621 | Functions of gallbladder (2) | store bile, absorb water | 26 | |
| 5943100731 | Bile acids and phospholipids are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via __________ ______________. | enterohepatic circulation | 27 | |
| 5943115020 | Secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum through the pancreatic duct | pancreas | 28 | |
| 5943124431 | Endocrine functions of pancreas | secrete hormones into blood (long-term control of digestion) | 29 | |
| 5943131516 | Pancreas secretes ______________ mL of pancreatic juice per day (empties into duodenum) | 1200-1500 | 30 | |
| 5943140045 | Pancreatic juice is an __________ mixture containing... (3) | alkaline; sodium bicarb, digestive enzymes and zymogens | 31 | |
| 5943158807 | The _________ _______ stimulates pancreatic secretion | vagus nerve | 32 | |
| 5943164711 | Chyme with acid and fat stimulate the duodenal mucosa to secrete __________ | CCK | 33 | |
| 5943167053 | CCK is responsible for relaxation of __________________ ____________, contraction of _______________, and secretion of _____________ ________ | hepatopancreatic sphincter, gallbladder, pancreatic juices | 34 | |
| 5943179564 | During the intestinal phase, acidic chyme stimulates the duodenum to release _______ | secretin | 35 | |
| 5943184487 | Nutrients pass into the _________ though small intestine walls | bloodstream | 36 | |
| 5943186864 | These activate zymogens and complete digestion of carbs and proteins | brush border enzymes | 37 | |
| 5943199415 | Duodenum endocrine cells secret _____ and _______ in the blood | CCK, secretin | 38 | |
| 5943208096 | Process in which molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration | passive diffusion | 39 | |
| 5943216790 | Transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations | active transport | 40 | |
| 5943224879 | Transport of molecules across a cell's membrane via specific integral proteins | facilitated diffusion | 41 | |
| 5943240942 | Most digestible carb is ______, begins in the mouth by _________ _______. Full digestion of this carb occurs in the ______ ___________. | starch, salivary amylase, small intestine | 42 | |
| 5943252352 | What is glucose absorbed by? | SGLT | 43 | |
| 5943257400 | Proteins are digested by what 2 things? | proteases and peptidases | 44 | |
| 5943259634 | Protein digestion starts in the __________ and continues in the _________ ____________. | stomach, small intestine | 45 | |
| 5943268605 | Lipids are digested by enzymes called ___________, broken up by ______ ________ in bile. | lipases, bile salts | 46 | |
| 5943277416 | When lipase digests fats, the products are (2) | FFAs and a glycerol | 47 | |
| 5943287343 | Most common type of movement of the small intestine; followed by ___________ | segmentation, peristalsis | 48 | |
| 5943294101 | Functions of large intestine (2) | concentrate waste, bacterial digestion | 49 | |
| 5943308309 | Neural control of defecation (3) | filling rectum, relaxation of internal sphincter, voluntary relaxation of external sphincter | 50 | |
| 5962469631 | 3 fates for foods | energy to cells, synthesize structures, stored as fat | 51 | |
| 5962474994 | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions | metabolism | 52 | |
| 5962480653 | A metabolic pathway begins with a specific __________ (starting molecule) and ends with a _____________. | reactant, product | 53 | |
| 5962487079 | Each step of metabolism is controlled by a(n) ____________. | enzyme | 54 | |
| 5962503417 | ____________ reactions use ATP to combine smaller molecules, such as glucose, into larger compounds, such as glycogen, and release small amounts of heat. | anabolic | 55 | |
| 5962506737 | ____________ reactions break down larger molecules into smaller compounds and release energy in the form of heat. | catabolic | 56 | |
| 5962511206 | Where is potential energy stored? | bonds | 57 | |
| 5962513696 | Type of energy: release of energy from bonds | chemical | 58 | |
| 5962527133 | The study of energy transformations | thermodynamics | 59 | |
| 5962531759 | In a closed system, such as that approximated by liquid in a thermos is what? | isolated from surroundings | 60 | |
| 5962534012 | In an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between ___________ and ____________. | system and surroundings | 61 | |
| 5962550724 | Energy transferred in the food chain: only 10% is actually transferred, the rest is lost as heat...what is this known as? | 10% rule | 62 | |
| 5962554027 | A measure of disorder or randomness | entropy | 63 | |
| 5962569592 | Only processes with a ___________ are spontaneous | negative (delta) G | 64 | |
| 5962579255 | When delta G < 0 | spontaneous (exergonic), wont require energy | 65 | |
| 5962582213 | When delta G > 0 | non spontaneous (endergonic), will require energy | 66 | |
| 5962586308 | When delta G = 0 | equilibrium | 67 | |
| 5962597079 | The energy available for doing work | free energy | 68 | |
| 5962600680 | Chemical reactions that release free energy | exergonic (spontaneous) | 69 | |
| 5962603518 | Chemical reactions that require input of free energy | endergonic (non-spontaneous) | 70 | |
| 5962618049 | Three main kinds of work that a cell does | mechanical, transport, chemical | 71 | |
| 5962622481 | To do work, cells manage energy resources by _________ __________. | energy coupling | 72 | |
| 5962647159 | How is a bond broken? | activation energy | 73 | |
| 5962650925 | ________ can lower activation energy | catalysts | 74 | |
| 5962659214 | ________ reduce the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to proceed. | enzymes | 75 | |
| 5962663495 | Cofactors and coenzymes are _________________ helpers. | nonenzyme | 76 | |
| 5962679642 | An enzyme works by binding with _________ at the ________ _______. This forms a ___ _________. | substrates, active site, ES complex | 77 | |
| 5962693221 | The active site on an enzyme can lower an activation energy barrier by orienting ___________ correctly, straining ____________ ________, and providing a favorable __________________ | substrate, substrate bonds, microenvironment | 78 | |
| 5962702336 | An enzyme's activity can be affect by ____ and ____________. | pH and temp | 79 | |
| 5962709809 | These bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate. | competitive inhibitors | 80 | |
| 5962715724 | These bind to another part of an enzyme (not the active site), causing the enzyme to change shape and makes the active site less effective. | noncompetitive inhibitors | 81 | |
| 5962739456 | __________ ____________ is the term used to describe cases where a protein's function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site (can either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity) | allosteric regulation | 82 | |
| 5962749802 | A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity | cooperativity | 83 | |
| 5962757572 | In ____________ _____________, the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway (prevents a cell from wasting resources by making more product than is needed) | feedback inhibition | 84 | |
| 5962767825 | Loss of electrons is _________ | oxidation | 85 | |
| 5962767826 | Gain of electrons is _________ | reduction | 86 | |
| 5962774022 | Which energy system is used for quick bursts of work? | phosphagen | 87 | |
| 5962779112 | Which energy system is for ~1-1.5 minutes of work; no oxygen is needed | anaerobic | 88 | |
| 5962782911 | Which energy system is for more than 3 minutes of work; oxygen needed | aerobic | 89 | |
| 5962795901 | Phosphagen energy system: maximal rate of ATP production, capacity to make ATP | very fast, very limited | 90 | |
| 5962799542 | Anaerobic energy system: maximal rate of ATP production, capacity to make ATP | fast, limited | 91 | |
| 5962801901 | Aerobic energy system: maximal rate of ATP production, capacity to make ATP | very slow, unlimited | 92 |