AP World History - Chapter 12 Flashcards

6574010423	lateen	triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship	0
6574010424	al-Madhi	Third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem.	1
6574015161	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.	2
6574018387	The Thousand and One Nights		3
6574018388	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads.	4
6574020393	sultan	Word meaning "victorious"; came to designate Muslim rulers.	5
6574022239	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunni; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids.	6
6574022240	Crusades	Invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291.	7
6574024095	Saladin	12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.	8
6574024096	Ibn Khaldun	Great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history.	9
6574026511	Rubaiyat	Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine.	10
6574028545	Omar Khayyam		11
6574030806	Shah-Nama	Epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests.	12
6574030807	ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking.	13
6574032246	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions.	14
6574032247	Sufism	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions.	15
6574033514	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	16
6574033515	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world.	17
6574034997	Hulegu	(1217 - 1265) Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257.	18
6574038461	Mamluks	Turkic slave-warriors who ruled Egypt and defeated the Mongols to prevent their entry into northern Africa.	19
6574038462	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire.	20
6574040697	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of a dynasty in Afghanistan; invaded northern India during the 11th century.	21
6574042909	Muhammad of Ghur	Persian ruler of a small kingdom in Afghanistan; invaded and conquered much of northern India.	22
6574044887	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi.	23
6574047299	bhaktic cults	Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali.	24
6574049333	Mira Bai	Low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults.	25
6574050999	Kabir	15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam.	26
6574051000	Shrivijaya	Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.	27
6574053605	Malacca	Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	28
6574053606	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions.	29