AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

6564038571	Homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	0
6564038572	Paleolithic period	2.5 million years ago ~8000 BCE. often called the stone age.	1
6564038573	Neolithic revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	2
6564038574	Monotheism	worshipping only one deity	3
6564038575	Bronze age	period marked by the usage of bronze	4
6564038576	Civilization	large society with cities and powerful states	5
6564038577	Core and foundational	6 civilizations that would heavily influence successor civilizations in the region	6
6564038578	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities, on the west bank of the Jordan River	7
6564038579	Catal Huyuk	one of humankind's first cities, in present day Turkey	8
6564038580	Specialization of labor	process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	9
6564038581	Copper	first metal to be used by humans	10
6564038582	Bronze	metal made through mixing tin and copper together	11
6564038583	Hunter-forager	depend on nature for food	12
6564038584	Agriculture	practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	13
6564038585	Surplus	excess amount of crops	14
6564038586	Domestication	the process of taming wild animals	15
6564038587	Nomadic pastoralism	lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	16
6564038588	Kinship group	several related families that moved together for food	17
6564038589	Clan	larger group of relatives compared to kinship groups. Often kinship groups were part of this.	18
6564038590	Tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger unit	19
6564038591	Patriarchal	dominated by men	20
6564038592	Artisans	people who made objects such as woven clothe or pottery	21
6564038593	Merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	22
6564038594	Social stratification	process of unequal distribution of wealth	23
6564038595	Priests	special class developed for religious ceremonies	24
6564038596	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that encompassed the cradle of civilization; flow in modern day turkey	25
6564038597	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	26
6564038598	Fertile Crescent	area that overlaps with Mesopotamia but also includes an area to the west	27
6564038599	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, served as an outpost	28
6564038600	Sahara	desert in northern Africa	29
6564038601	Kalahari	desert in Southern Africa	30
6564038602	Nile River	river beginning in Africa and emptying into the Mediterranean Sea	31
6564038603	Desertification	creation of desert-like conditions	32
6564038604	Indus River Valley	region that developed one of the core civilizations (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)	33
6564038605	Environmental degradation	the cause of the decline of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations	34
6564038606	Deforestation	cutting down of trees; main reason of the decline of the Kush kingdom	35
6564038607	Huang He	one of the rivers of the chinese foundational civilization (northern interior)	36
6564038608	Chiang Jiang (Yangtze)	one of the rivers of the chinese foundational civilization (across central china)	37
6564038609	Loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	38
6564038610	Barter	a system by which one thing is exchanged for another	39
6564038611	Polytheistic	worshipping many gods	40
6564038612	Ziggurats	stepped pyramids serving as temples	41
6564038613	Astronomy, astrology	in Babylonia this(1) study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere was linked to this(2) predicting the future by studying movement of stars and planets	42
6564038614	Hebrews, Israelites, Jews	people who based their ancestry in Canaan (present day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon)	43
6564038615	Abraham	man who founded Canaan	44
6564038616	Moses	man who led Hebrews out of Egypt	45
6564038617	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct (usually in Christianity) introduced by Moses	46
6564038618	Jewish Diaspora	spreading of the Jews in the Mediterranean world and the Middle East	47
6564038619	Theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	48
6564038620	Aten	sun god in monotheistic religion proposed by pharaoh Akhenaton	49
6564038621	Mummification	process of preserving the body in Egyptian culture	50
6564038622	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples who brought the first horses into India	51
6564038623	Hindi	language that evolved from Sanskrit	52
6564038624	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	53
6564038625	Vedic Age	period marked by the Aryans' growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	54
6564038626	Brahmin	the priest in Vedic belief	55
6564038627	Brahma	overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	56
6564038628	Dharma	one's righteous duties (in Vedic belief)	57
6564038629	Karma	one's fate in the next life (in Vedic belief)	58
6564038630	Moksha	eternal peace and unity with brahma (in Vedic belief)	59
6564038631	Ancestor veneration	belief in the spirits of one's ancestors	60
6564038632	Golden Age	a period in a society of relative peace, prosperity, and innovation	61
6564038633	Scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at cuneiform	62
6564038634	The Epic of Gilgamesh	oldest written story on the earth	63
6564038635	Cuneiform	world's first writing system, used by Sumerians	64
6564038636	Alphabetic script	writing system developed by the phoenicians	65
6564038637	Hieroglyphics	picture-writing system developed by the Egyptians	66
6564038638	Papyrus	plant growing next to the Nile that was used to create paper	67
6564038639	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put in coffins of dead pharaohs or nobles	68
6564038640	Sanskrit	Indo-European language developed by the Aryans	69
6564038641	Rig-Veda	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs that shed light on ancient society; outlined the proper brahmin behavior and responsibilities	70
6564038642	Upanishads	a collection of religious thought that was influenced by the interaction between Aryan and Dravidian culture; foundational text for Hinduism	71
6564038643	Pictographs, glyphs	writing system consisted of graphic symbols	72
6564038644	Austronesian speakers	people originating from china who moved to New Guinea, the Philippines, and Taiwan	73
6564038645	Sumerians, Sumer	(1)nomadic pastoralists that settled in Mesopotamia and created a civilization (2)the civilization's name	74
6564038646	Uruk	largest city in Sumer	75
6564038647	City-state	independent city with its own government	76
6564038648	King	military rulers who ruled over kingdoms	77
6564038649	Kingdom	territory ruled over by kings	78
6564038650	Babylonians	Persian people who invaded and settled in mesopotamia	79
6564038651	Empire	a controlled large territory that includes diverse cultural groups	80
6564038652	Phoenicians	people who developed a wide trade network across the Mediterranean Sea around 3000 BCE	81
6564038653	Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms	three long periods of Egyptian stability	82
6564038654	Hyksos	pastoral nomadic people from modern syria that invaded the Middle Kingdom with chariots	83
6564038655	Hittites	invaders that used iron tools and had advantage over the Egyptians	84
6564038656	Kush	nation that was dependent on Egypt but became an important kingdom economically (trade) even without the control of Egypt	85
6564038657	Axum	civilization founded on present day Ethiopia; was a Christian kingdom that defeated the Kush	86
6564038658	Dravidians	indigenous peoples in Indian subcontinent that established the Indus Valley Civilizations	87
6564038659	Harappa	One of the sophisticated urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilizations (other: Mohenjo-Daro)	88
6564038660	Mohenjo-Daro	One of the sophisticated urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilizations (other: Harappa)	89
6564038661	Chavin civilization	Mesoamerican civilization that developed near Peru	90
6564038662	Olmec	foundational civilization of all mesoamerican civilizations	91
6564038663	Easter Island	one of the islands in polynesia; clans constructed large stone statues	92
6564038664	Aboriginals	Australia's hunter-foragers	93
6564038665	Code of Hammurabi	set of laws in Babylonia	94
6564038666	Pharaoh	king leading the Egyptian civilization	95
6564038667	Akhenaton	pharaoh that tried to change Egypt's religion to monotheism	96
6564038668	Ramses the Great	powerful pharaoh who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia	97
6564038669	Xia Dynasty	first Chinese dynasty near the Huang He river	98
6564038670	Mandate of Heaven	idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods	99
6564038671	Zhou Dynasty	longest dynasty in Chinese history	100