AP Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards

6983812005	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	0
6983812006	hormones	Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.	1
6983812007	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.	2
6983812008	protein kinase	The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.	3
6983812009	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	4
6983812010	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	5
6983812011	transduction	The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.	6
6983812012	response	The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.	7
6983812013	G-protein-linked receptor	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.	8
6983812014	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.	9
6983812015	ligand-gated ion channel	Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.	10
6983812016	paracrine	Local Signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. Ex: Growth Factors.	11
6983812017	synaptic	Local Signaling. Occurs in animal nervous system, nerve releases neurotransmitter molecules into synapse, stimulating target cell.	12
6983812018	endocrine	Long distance signaling. Signals sent into blood stream, message may reach all body cells.	13
6983812019	cyclic AMP	cAMP (a second messenger) activates another protein, usually protein kinase A, leading to cellular response.	14