AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

7757622555	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
7757622556	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
7757622557	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
7757622558	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
7757622559	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
7757622560	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
7757622561	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
7757622562	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
7757622563	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
7757622564	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
7757622565	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
7757622566	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
7757622567	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
7757622568	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
7757622569	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
7757622572	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	15
7757622574	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	16
7757622577	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	17
7757622578	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	18
7757622580	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	19
7757622581	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	20
7757622582	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	21
7757622583	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	22
7757622585	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	23
7757622586	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	24
7757622587	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	25
7757622589	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	26
7757622592	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	27
7757622593	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	28
7757622594	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	29
7757622595	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	30
7757622597	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	31
7757622601	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	32
7757622606	extant	still in existance	33
7757622607	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	34
7758846029	behavior isolation	differences in mating calls in a sympatric species	35