AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

6049580690	Evolution	A change in allele frequencies in a population over many generations.	0
6049580691	Allele	the different versions of a gene	1
6049580692	Hardy-Weinberg Equation	p² + 2pq + q² =1	2
6049580693	Gene flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population. It INCREASES diversity.	3
6049580694	Mutations	Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.	4
6049580695	Nonrandom mating	Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason.	5
6049580696	Natural Selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	6
6049580697	Genetic Drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. It LIMITS diversity.	7
6049580698	Bottleneck Effect	When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's. It LIMITS diversity.	8
6049580699	The Founder Effect	When a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population.	9
6049580700	Gene Pool	All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population	10
6049580701	Heterozygous	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait	11
6049580702	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a particular gene	12
6049580703	Linnaeus	Invented binomial nomenclature	13
6049580704	Lamarck	inheritance of acquired characteristics	14
6049580705	Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection	15
6049580706	Stabilizing Selection	Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.	16
6049580707	Disruptive Selection	Increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.	17
6049580708	Directional Selection	Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.	18
6049580709	Artificial Selection	Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock.	19
6049580710	Fitness	How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment	20
6049580711	Adaptive evolution	An evolutionary process that is directed by natural selection, which makes a population better adapted to live in an environment.	21
6049580712	Allopatric Speciation	the evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation into two separate environments	22
6049580713	Sympatric Speciation	occurs when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier	23
6049580714	Continental Drift	Wegener's idea that the continents slowly moved over Earth's surface, leading to allopatric speciation	24
6049580715	Diploid	having two sets of chromosomes	25
6049580716	Haploid	Cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells	26
6049580717	Heterozygote advantage	greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool	27
6049580718	Homologous Structures	Structures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.	28
6049580719	Analogous Structures	Similar in function but not structure, like the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly.	29
6049580720	Convergent Evolution	The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment	30
7565139491	Prezygotic barriers	Prevent mating between different species by blocking the zygote from forming	31
7565159385	Postzygotic barriers	Prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult	32