Myers AP Psychology LEARNING Flashcards

8420142442	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
8420142443	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
8420142444	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together.	2
8420142445	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
8420142446	behaviorism	psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
8420142447	unconditioned response (UR)	the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
8420142448	unconditioned stimulus (US)	a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)	6
8420142449	conditioned response (CR)	the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
8420142450	conditioned stimulus (CS)	an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction	8
8420142451	acquisition	the "learned" behavior or response	9
8420142452	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.	10
8420142453	extinction	the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced	11
8420142454	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	12
8420142455	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses	13
8420142456	discrimination	the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US	14
8420142457	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
8420142458	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher	16
8420142459	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	17
8420142460	operant chamber	Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	18
8420142461	shaping	reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	19
8420142462	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	20
8420142463	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.	21
8420142464	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	22
8420142465	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	23
8420142466	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	24
8420142467	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	25
8420142468	fixed-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	26
8420142469	variable-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	27
8420142470	fixed-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	28
8420142471	variable-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	29
8420142472	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	30
8420142473	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	31
8420142474	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER	32
8420142475	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	33
8420142476	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE	34
8420142477	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE	35
8420142478	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	36
8420142479	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	37
8420142480	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	38
8420142481	Little Albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	39
8420142482	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	40
8420142483	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	41
8420142484	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	42
8420142485	B.F. Skinner	he is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	43
8420142486	John Watson	behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	44
8420142487	biofeedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	45
8420142488	aversion theory	an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	46
8420142489	neutral stimulus (NS)	environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)	47
8420142490	token economy	object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese	48
8420142491	systematic desensitization	a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques with the goal of "unlearning" fearful behavior	49