AP Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

9028121228	character	a heritable feature that varies among individuals	0
9028121229	trait	each variant of a character specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another	1
9028121230	true-breeding	organisms that, when reproducing, create offspring of all the same variety	2
9028121231	hybridization	the crossing of two true-breeding parents crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms	3
9028121232	P generation	the name for the true-breeding parents	4
9028121233	F1 Generation	the hybrid offspring of true-breeding parents	5
9028121234	F2 Generation	offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid f1 generation	6
9028121235	The Law of Segregation	Two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes during Recombination.	7
9028121236	dominant allele	determines organisms appearance An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.	8
9028121237	recessive allele	has no noticeable affect on organisms appearance An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present	9
9028121238	Punnett square	a diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup	10
9028121239	homozygous	an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character, either dominant or recessive	11
9028121240	phenotype	an organisms traits -physical characteristic	12
9028121241	genotype	an organisms genetic makeup	13
9028121242	testcross	breeding a recessive homozygote with an organism of unknown genotype	14
9028121243	monohybrids	Parents that are heterozygous for one character.	15
9028121244	dihybrids	heterozygous for two characters crossing two true-breeding parents differing in two characters	16
9028121245	law of independent assortment	the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis	17
9028121246	multiplication rule	to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another	18
9028121247	addition rule	the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities	19
9028121248	complete dominance	a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another	20
9028121249	codominance	situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism	21
9028121250	incomplete dominance	the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele	22
9028121251	Tay-Sachs disease	inherited disorder in humans. the brain cells of a baby with this disease are unable to metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properly. as these lipids accumulate in the brain cells, an infant begins to suffer seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental preformance.	23
9028121252	pleiotropy	multiple phenotypic effects, common for most genes	24
9028121255	polygenic inheritance	the combined effect of two or more genes on a single character	25
9028121256	pedigree	A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.	26
9028121257	Cystic Fibrosis	s Autosomal Recessive An inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system.	27
9028121258	sickle-cell disease	when an individuals blood oxygen is low, the cells turn into rod shaped ones. clump and clog blood vessels. an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin	28
9028121259	Huntington's disease	dominantly inherited, degenerative disease caused by dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is 35-45. leads to deterioration of the nervous system	29
9028121260	aminocentesis	needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis	30
9028121261	chorionic villus sampling CVS	sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects	31