Learning (AP Psychology) Flashcards

8485303112	Ivan Pavlov	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	0
8485303113	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	1
8485303114	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	2
8485303115	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	3
8485303116	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	4
8485303117	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	5
8485303118	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	6
8485303119	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	7
8485303121	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	8
8485303122	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	9
8485303123	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	10
8485303124	B.F. Skinner	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	11
8485303125	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	12
8485303126	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	13
8485303127	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	14
8485303128	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	15
8485303129	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	16
8485303130	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	17
8485303131	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	18
8485303132	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	19
8485303133	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	20
8485303134	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	21
8485303135	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	22
8485303136	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigeons won't flap wings for food.	23
8485303137	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	24
8485303138	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	25
8485303139	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort	26
8485303140	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	27
8485303141	Biological Predisposition	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	28
8485303142	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	29
8485303143	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	30
8485303144	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	31
8485303145	Watson	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	32
8485303146	Thorndike	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	33
8485303147	Bandura	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	34
8485303148	Garcia	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	35
8485303149	Seligman	Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory	36
8485303150	Tolman	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	37
8485303152	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	38
8485303153	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	39
8485303154	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	40
8485303155	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win	41
8485303157	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner	42
8485303158	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	43
8485303159	Immediate Reinforcer	Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run) Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends	44
8485303160	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	45
8485303161	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	46
8485303162	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	47
8485303163	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	48
8485303164	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	49
8485303165	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	50
8485303166	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	51
8485303167	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	52
8485303168	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	53
8485303169	Anti-Social Modeling	Defined: People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)	54
8485303170	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	55
8485303171	Delayed Reinforcer	Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run) Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future	56
8485303172	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	57