AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

9021767677	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
9021782164	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
9021789857	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
9021793472	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
9021798469	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
9021805814	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
9021829320	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
9021842865	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
9021850959	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
9021855086	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
9021875238	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
9021886077	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
9021898722	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
9021925682	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
9021935601	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
9021943532	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
9021959879	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
9021976547	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
9021979266	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
9021984230	bacillus (plural: bacilli)	rod shaped bacteria	19
9021992142	coccus (plural: cocci)	round shaped bacteria	20
9022007937	spirillum (spirilla)	spiral shaped bacteria	21
9022015484	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	22
9022023654	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	23
9022044120	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	24
9022067018	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	25
9022102548	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	26
9022119713	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	27
9022129753	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	28
9022157435	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	29
9022160892	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	30
9022184291	pseudopodia	"false-feet;" extensions of the cytoplasm that move the cell membrane allowing for slow movement of cells; found in amoeba (protists)	31
9022206351	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	32
9022221387	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	33
9022238151	Gibbs Free Energy	Available energy to use for chemical reactions	34
9022248067	enthalpy	the total energy within a system	35
9022260652	entropy	a measure of the disorder within a system	36
9022272130	high entropy	A great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds	37
9022280308	low entropy	a large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred	38
9022286305	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	39
9022290532	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	40
9022296484	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	41
9022315274	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	42
9022331055	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	43
9022357037	ligand	chemical signals that begin the process of signal transduction	44
9022365084	amphipathic	molecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids	45
9022384720	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	46
9022388661	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	47
9022426476	hydrophilic	polar	48
9022429259	hydrophobic	nonpolar	49
9022432071	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	50
9022439984	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	51
9022452839	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	52
9022458359	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	53
9022465197	endocytosis	a vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter	54
9022474316	phagocytosis	large, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	55
9022493298	pinocytosis	small, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	56
9022507108	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell	57
9023433709	protein kinase receptors	ligand binding causes a change in shape of the receptor protein, causing its catalytic domain to hydrolyze ATP, and then phosphorylate a target molecule. The target molecule then triggers other molecules within the cell to respond	58
9023453984	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	59
9023469738	Ion channels	allow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand	60
9023496277	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	61
9023498591	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	62
9023512738	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	63
9023516855	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	64
9023526921	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	65
9023671091	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	66
9023685564	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	67
9023690517	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	68
9023707469	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	69
9023713802	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	70
9023723873	hypertonic		71
9023738073	hypotonic		72
9023741973	isotonic		73
9023750883	responsible for turgor pressure	hypotonic environment	74
9023759930	#2 in the picture	gap junctions; tunnels that allow for the transport of molecules between adjacent cells	75
9023772201	tight junctions	allow for NO transport of molecules between adjacent cells	76
9023785247	#3 in the picture	desmosomes; anchor adjacent cells together in order to create tissue	77
9023804319	plasmodesmata	cytoplasmic channels that allow for movement of molecules between adjacent PLANT cells	78
9023881127	autocrine signals	signals that only affect the cell from which it was released	79
9023895595	juxtacrine signals	affect cells in direct contact with one another; occurring only over short distances; important during embryonic development	80
9024002979	paracrine signals	affect cells nearby; involved in the inflammatory response (ex. when you cut or smash your finger it gets red, due to increased blood flow to the area)	81