AP Biology Biomolecules Flashcards

7685698316	Hydroxyl	Polar, alcohol	0
7685698317	Carbonyl	Polar, Found in sugar, responsible for sugars being so easily dissolved in water	1
7685698318	Carboxyl	Acts as an acid, charge of 1-	2
7685698319	Amino	Acts as a base, charge of 1+	3
7685698320	Sulfhydryl	Cross-linking covalent bonds help stabilize protein structures	4
7685698321	Phosphate	Potential to react with water, releasing energy	5
7685698322	Methyl	Affects expression of genes	6
7685698323	ATP	Primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell	7
7685698324	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks	8
7685698325	Monomer	Small building block molecules	9
7685698326	Dehydration Reaction	Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule -Builds polymers	10
7685698327	Hydrolysis	Reverse of the dehydration reaction, breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water -Disassembles polymers	11
7685698328	Monosaccharide	(single sugars) have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Classified by: - Location of the carbonyl group - Number of carbons in the skeleton	12
7685698329	Polysaccharide	Polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles	13
7685698330	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	14
7685698331	Starch	A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of entirely glucose monomers; The simplest form is amylase	15
7685698332	Glycogen	A storage polysaccharide in animals (stored mainly in liver and muscle cells)	16
7685698333	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide comprising plant cell walls (glucose polymer with different glycosidic linkages - beta glucose)	17
7685698334	Lipid	One class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers, have little or no affinity for water, main function is energy storage	18
7685698335	Saturated Fatty Acid	Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds	19
7685698336	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	Have one or more double bonds	20
7685698337	Ester Linkage	How three fatty acids are joined to glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol	21
7685698338	Phospholipid	Two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic phosphate group are attached to glycerol	22
7685698339	Steroid	Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	23
7685698340	Polypeptide	Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids	24
7685698341	Amino acid	Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups	25
7685698342	Peptide bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	26
7685698343	Primary structure	The sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word Determined by inherited genetic information	27
7685698344	Secondary structure	Coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone Ex: alpha helix, beta pleated sheet	28
7685698345	Tertiary structure	Determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between the backbone constituents	29
7685698346	Quaternary structure	Results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule	30
7685698347	Denaturation	Loss of a protein's native structure, biologically inactive protein	31
7685698348	Nucleotide	Monomers of polynucleotides	32
7685698349	Polynucleotide	Chain of nucleotides that alone or with another such chain makes up a nucleic acid	33
7685698350	Phosphodiester linkage	The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by covalently bonding two nucleotides together	34
7685698351	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions	35
7685698352	Catabolic pathway	Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds	36
7685698353	Anabolic pathway	Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones	37
7685698354	First law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	38
7685698355	Free energy	Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell	39
7685698356	Exergonic reaction	Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous	40
7685698357	Endergonic reaction	Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous	41
7685698358	Phosphorylation	The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule, how ATP drives endergonic reactions	42
7685698359	Enzyme	Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions	43
7685698360	Activation energy	The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction	44
7685698361	Induced Fit	Brings groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction	45
7685698362	Cofactor	Non-protein enzyme helpers	46
7685698363	Competitive Inhibition	Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate	47
7685698364	Noncompetitive Inhibition	Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective	48
7685698365	Allosteric Regulation	May either inhibit or stimulate activity, interaction in a site away from the active site which activates or deactivates a protein	49