AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

8050056058	empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation	0
8050056059	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind	1
8050056060	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish	2
8050056061	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
8050056062	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
8050056063	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
8050056064	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	6
8050056065	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	7
8050056066	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	8
8050056067	level of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	9
8050056068	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
8050056069	biological psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes	11
8050056070	evolutionary psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection	12
8050056071	psychodynamic psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
8050056072	behavioral psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
8050056073	cognitive psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin	15
8050056074	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
8050056075	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
8050056076	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	18
8050056077	developmental psychology	the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
8050056078	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
8050056079	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
8050056080	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
8050056081	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	23
8050056082	industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	24
8050056083	human factors psychology	the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments	25
8050056084	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	26
8050056085	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	27
8050056086	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy	28
8050056087	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	29
8050056088	Francis Bacon	English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method	30
8050056089	Mary Whiton Calkins	American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association	31
8050056090	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	32
8050056091	Rene Descartes	French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought	33
8050056092	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.	34
8050056093	Sigmund Freud	Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).	35
8050056094	G. Stanley Hall	american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association	36
8050056095	William James	founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment	37
8050056096	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	38
8050056097	Abraham Maslow	humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence	39
8050056098	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	40
8050056099	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	41
8050056100	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	42
8050056101	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	43
8050056102	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	44
8050056103	B. F. Skinner	behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons	45
8050056104	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	46
8050056105	E. B. Tictchner	Introduced experimental psychology to the United States	47
8050056106	Margaret Floyd Washburn	Was the first female PhD in psychology	48
8050056107	John B. Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	49
8050056108	Wilhelm Wundt	german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879	50
8050056109	Introspection	a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings	51
8050056110	Gestalt Psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts	52