AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

7622235430	Sensation	Process by which our sensory receptors recieve stimulus energies from the environment	0
7622235431	Perception	Process by organizing and interpreting sensory information. Enabling us to recognize meaningful events/objects	1
7622235432	Bottom-Up Processing	Begins with sensory receptors that send up to the brain	2
7622235433	Top-Down Processing	Conducted by higher level mental processes, construct drawings on experiences and expectations Example: Michelle one time had a comment given to her in a specific pitch (offensive comment). Now, every time she hears a comment in that pitch she finds it offensive.	3
7622235434	Selective Attention	Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus Example: My selective attention right now is doing this quizlet.	4
7622235435	Cocktail Party Effect	Example: Hearing your name at the other side of the room. or when we hear there will be a pop quiz, you will immediately question if we have one	5
7622235436	Inattentional Blindness	Failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere Example: When you're texting and driving. You're attention is only on the phone; thus, you get into a car crash.	6
7622235437	Change Blindness	Failure to see changes in the environment Example: Not noticing the change in desks in a classroom	7
7622235438	Change Blindness includes :	Change Deafness Choice Blindness	8
7622235439	Change Deafness	People ignore or tune you out because you have changed Example: Daniella's father likes Marco Rubio. Daniella doesn't like Marco Rubio. Whenever Daniella makes a comment about Marco Rubio her father tunes her out.	9
7622235440	Choice Blindness	Choosing to ignore something because you don't like it Example: Son who tells parent he is gay. Parent will ignore that the son is gay and act like he isn't.	10
7622235441	Psychophysics	Study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience on them	11
7622235442	Absolute Threshold	Minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time	12
7622235443	Signal-Detection Theory	When we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid loud background noise w/out having to achieve threshold based on alertness experience	13
7622235444	Subliminal	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness Example: Brushing our teeth, we don't think about it. (natural)	14
7622235445	Priming	Predisposing one's perception, memory, or response Example: Showing a scary photo of a clown. Later someone shows the image of a man, but the person thinks the man is scary due to them being primed w/ the stimulus of being scared already.	15
7622235446	Difference Threshold (nickname = noticeable difference)	Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time	16
7622235447	Weber's Law	To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by constant percentage	17
7622235448	Sensory Adaptation	Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation Example: Stare at a photo of a man (the eye) parts of vision is lost & face starts to disappear	18
7622235449	Transduction	Conversion of one form of energy into another, transforming of stimulus energies such a sights	19
7622235450	Wavelength	Distance from one peak of light or sound wave to the next	20
7622235451	Intensity	Hight of sound wave; amount of energy in a light or sound wave perceived as brightness or loudness	21
7622235452	Hue	Dimension of color the wavelength produces	22
7622235453	Physical Properties of Waves	Short= Blue Long=Red Great Amplitude= Bright Colors Low Amplitude=Dull Colors	23
7622235454	Pupil	Adjustable opening in the eye which light enters	24
7622235455	Cornea	Transparent part of eye that protects it all	25
7622235456	Iris	Ring of muscle tissue surrounding pupil (color portion) controls opening and closing	26
7622235457	Lens	Transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to help focus	27
7622235458	Retina	Light-sensitive inner-surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones, first stage of visual processing	28
7622235459	Eyeball Anatomy		29
7622235460	Rods	Help you see at night, black/white/grey, peripheral vision	30
7622235461	Cones	Retinal receptor cells, work well in day-time, colors, details	31
7622235462	(Retina) Optic Nerve	Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain	32
7622235463	Fovea	Central focal point in retina, where eye's cones cluster	33
7622235464	Blind Spot	Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, no more receptor cells are located there	34
7622235465	Visual Info.	Scene Retinal Processing- receptor rods & cones Feature Detection- cells respond to specific features Parallel Processing- brain cell gets info. about color/depth Recognition- brain interprets images based on info.	35
7622235466	Feature Detectors	Cells in brain that detect structures of stimuli (shape,angle,movement)	36
7622235467	Parallel Processing	Our brain is able to detect details consciously and unconsciously Example: We see a flock of birds and are able to describe it	37
7622235468	Young-Helmoholtz Trichromatic Theory	Theory that retina contains 3 color receptors (Red-Green-Blue) sensitive eyes If you're color blind you can't see 1 or 2 colors	38
7622235469	Monochromatic Vision	You only see one of the three colors	39
7622235470	Dichromatic Vision	We can see two of these colors	40
7622235471	Opponent Processing Theory	Colors cancel out Red-Green Blue-Yellow Black-White	41
7622235472	Audition	Sense of act or hearing	42
7622235473	Amplitude is how	Tall the wave is, reason it's called amplitude is due to the loudness	43
7622235474	Frequency	How often wavelength shows up	44
7622235475	Pitch	Tone of sound you're listening to; highness or lowness	45
7622235476	Outer Ear contains ____ & ____	-Auditory Canal -Ear Drum	46
7622235477	Sound waves travel down ______ to the _____	Auditory Canal, Eardrum	47
7622235478	The ear drum is able to process sound how?	By hitting w/ vibrations	48
7622235479	Auditory Canal		49
7622235480	Ear Drum		50
7622235481	Middle Ear contains ____, ____, and ____ The functions of those three bones are to	Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup Send vibrations	51
7622235482	Outer & Middle Ear Anatomy		52
7622235483	Vibrations from the ear drum go to the ____	Hammer	53
7622235484	The hammer then transfers _____ to the ____	Vibrations, anvil	54
7622235485	Anvil is connected to the ____	stirrup	55
7622235486	Inner Ear contains ____, ____, ____, ____, & ____	Cochlea, canals, and vestibular sacs, oval window, & auditory nerve	56
7622235487	Cochlea	Bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses	57
7622235488	Between the stirrup and cochlea there is a ____	Oval Window	58
7622235489	Oval Window	Space between stirrup and cochlea that pounds the cochlea	59
7622235490	Someone who has vertigo has no	Fluid filled in their cochlea	60
7622235491	Auditory Nerve	Sends neural impulses form ear to brain	61
7622235492	Auditory Cortex	Our brain will process things we see	62
7622235493	Basilar Membranes Hair Cells	Help interpret loudness of sound & compressed sons (muffled noises)	63
7622235494	Place Theory (Cochlea)	High pitched sounds	64
7622235495	Frequency Theory (Auditory Nerve)	Low pitched sounds	65
7622235496	Stereophonic Hearing	Cellphones & headphones Example: Placing a phone in a cup	66
7622235497	Localization of Sounds	Speed of sounds	67
7622235498	Conduction Hearing Loss (Middle Ear)	Hearing aids amplify sound & start up mechanisms	68
7622235499	Sensorineural Hearing Loss (Inner Ear)	Damage to receptor cells of cochlea	69
7622235500	Cochlea Implant	Insides skull attached to cochlea; converts sound to neural impulses	70
7622235501	Types of Touch	Pressure Warmth Cold Pain	71
7622235502	Kinesthesis	System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts, how we sense body parts moving Example: Knowing that your arm is by your side and how far you need to move it to pick up and object	72
7622235503	Vestibular Sense	Sense of body movement and position including sense of balance, controlled by the hair in your ears	73
7622235504	Nociceptors	Responsible for telling your brain that something hurts	74
7622235505	Gate Control Theory	Theory that spinal cord contains a "gate" that blocks pain signals or lets pass depending on how bad the pain is Example: While you're playing sports you won't feel pain because the increase of endorphins. Though, when you get home you'll realize something hurts.	75
7622235506	Phantom Limb Sensations	When you get your leg amputated and your brain thinks the pain is still there	76
7622235507	Tinnitus	Phantom sound Example: When you think your phone is ringing or you get a text message sound.	77
7622235508	Taste	Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter	78
7622235509	Umami	Savory taste, proteins to grow and repair tissues	79
7622235510	Age and tastebuds	When you get older your tastebuds begin to die	80
7622235511	Sensory Interaction	Principle that one sense may influence another, interaction of smell and taste (McGurk Effect) Example: "It smells just like it tastes" "It looks as good as it smells" Connections with a Peppermint Mocha to winter	81
7622235512	Smell Olfaction *Chemical Sense	Example: Chemicals in perfume don't react well with the nose	82
7622235513	*Odor Molecules	Example: The perfume chemicals Chemicals of the odor that will interact with the nose	83
7622235514	*Olfactory Bulb	Part of nose that receives smell	84
7622235515	*Olfactory Nerve	Never that sends smell to brain	85
7622235516	Our sense of smell is near the ____ part of our brain	Memory	86