AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards
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| 7274095091 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 0 | |
| 7274095092 | Four classes of biological macromolecules | Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids | 1 | |
| 7274095093 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 2 | |
| 7274095094 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 3 | |
| 7274095095 | dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 4 |
| 7274095096 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers. |  | 5 |
| 7274095097 | protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 6 | |
| 7274095098 | Functions of proteins | structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation | 7 | |
| 7274095099 | amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains. |  | 8 |
| 7274095100 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 9 |
| 7274095101 | Primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |  | 10 |
| 7274095102 | secondary structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet. |  | 11 |
| 7274095103 | B pleated sheet | protein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone. | 12 | |
| 7274095104 | tertiary structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |  | 13 |
| 7274095105 | amino acid side chains | types of bonds/interactions in __________ : hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges |  | 14 |
| 7274095106 | quaternary structure | the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. |  | 15 |
| 7274095107 | denaturation | loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions |  | 16 |
| 7274095108 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins. | 17 | |
| 7274095109 | carbohydrate | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O. | 18 | |
| 7274095110 | What are the functions of carbohydrates | function as energy source & structure | 19 | |
| 7274095111 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1). |  | 20 |
| 7274095112 | disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 21 |
| 7274095113 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |  | 22 |
| 7274095114 | polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |  | 23 |
| 7274095115 | starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage. | 24 | |
| 7274095116 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 25 | |
| 7274095117 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch. | 26 | |
| 7274095118 | lipids | any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers. | 27 | |
| 7274095119 | What are the three types of lipids? | fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids | 28 | |
| 7274095120 | fat/oil | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage. | 29 | |
| 7274095121 | saturated | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 30 |
| 7274095122 | unsaturated | a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 31 |
| 7274095123 | fatty acid | a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride. | 32 | |
| 7274095124 | triglyceride | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 33 | |
| 7274095125 | chitin | a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 34 | |
| 7274095126 | trans fat | an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds. |  | 35 |
| 7274095127 | phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane. |  | 36 |
| 7274095128 | phospholipid bilayer | function as membranes |  | 37 |
| 7274095129 | steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones. |  | 38 |
| 7274095130 | catalyst | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 39 | |
| 7274095131 | hydrophobic | a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. | 40 | |
| 7274095132 | disulfide bridges | a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer. | 41 | |
| 7274095133 | polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 42 | |
| 7274095134 | nucleic acid | a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA. | 43 | |
| 7274095135 | nucleic acid | functions as storage, transmission & use of genetic material | 44 | |
| 7274095136 | nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |  | 45 |
| 7274095137 | phosphodiester linkage | bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide | 46 | |
| 7274095138 | polynucleotide | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. |  | 47 |
| 7274095139 | pyrimidine | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (c), thymine (T), and uracil (U) |  | 48 |
| 7274095140 | purines | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (a) and guanine (G). | | 49 |
| 7274095141 | RNA | transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded. |  | 50 |
| 7274095142 | DNA | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | | 51 |
| 7274095143 | deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |  | 52 |
| 7274095144 | ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |  | 53 |
| 7274095145 | double helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |  | 54 |
| 7274095146 | antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' -3' directions). |  | 55 |