AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

8555349692	macromolecules	molecules of a large size	0
8555360463	polymer	made up of monomers	1
8555364579	4 main classes of molecules in living things	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	2
8555368896	monomers	individual pieces of a larger puzzle (polymer); some have a function of their own	3
8555375986	enzymes	biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but not used up in the process	4
8555384799	dehydration reactions	a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule (1 molecule give a -OH and the other a -H) (synthesizing a polymer)	5
8555394020	polymerization	the making of a polymer via dehydration	6
8555414817	hydrolysis	reverse of dehydration reactions; the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule with a H attaching to one monomer and the -OH attaching to the other: i.e. digestion (breaking down a polymer)	7
8555437669	Carbohydrates	include sugars and starches (polymers of sugars)	8
8555442968	monosaccharide	made up of 1 sugar monomer, most common is glucose; used for a source of quick energy	9
8555482656	Identification of Carbohydrates	Ratio of C-1, H-2, O-1	10
8555490217	Disaccharides	molecule made of 2 sugars; i. e. Maltose and Sucrose	11
8555497685	glycosidic linkage	covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (p.69)	12
8555505972	Polysaccharides	macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages	13
8555529161	uses for polysaccharides	storage for energy, and building material for cell structures	14
8555538348	starch	polysaccharide that is made up of glucose monomers in PLANTS; stored as granules in plastids (stored energy)	15
8555550190	glycogen	polysaccharide that is made up of glucose in ANIMALS; stored in liver and muscle cells (stored energy)	16
8555642411	cellulose	structural polysaccharide; major component of the tough walls of plant cells; most abundant organic compound on Earth	17
8555650309	Chitin	structural polysaccharide; major component of exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals)	18
8555662152	Lipids	large biomolecules lacking in true monomers, not considered macromolecules; HYDROPHOBIC; major function - long term energy storage in adipose tissue	19
8555690132	fat	made up of glycerol and fatty acids	20
8555692696	fatty acid	long C skeleton usually 16-18 C atoms in length	21
8555698048	triacylglyceride	3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule	22
8555707937	Saturated fats	compound with no double bonds and is saturated with as many H bonded to C as possible; most are found in animal fat (lard and butter); very flexible	23
8555721173	Unsaturated fats	has one or more double bonds with one fewer H per double bond of C; found in plants and fish; (olive oil and cod liver oil); in nature, double bonds are cis	24
8555830498	trans fat	with trans double bonds; found in baked goods and processed foods; labeled and must be removed from food supply by 2018	25
8555857326	phospholipid	found in cells as a major constituent in cell membranes; glycerol with 2 fatty acids; (glycerol head is hydrophilic and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic)	26
8555878614	steroids	lipids with 4 fused rings in carbon skeleton	27
8555897385	cholesterol	type of steroid; common component of animal cell membranes and is also a precursor for other steroids such as sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)	28
8555909309	proteins	account for more than 50% of dry mass of most cells and they are instrumental in almost everything organisms do; made of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure	29
8555949136	polypeptide	polymer of amino acids	30
8555918264	biological catalysts	(enzymes) chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction	31
8555931898	amino acids	monomers of proteins joined together by peptide bonds; 20 make up all the proteins; made up of an amine group and a carboxyl group, and a R group (side chain)	32
8555991067	enzymatic proteins	selective acceleration of chemical reactions	33
8555992708	storage proteins	storage of amino acids	34
8555995128	hormonal proteins	coordination of an organisms activities	35
8555998838	contractile and motor proteins	movement	36
8555998840	defensive proteins	protection against disease	37
8556000705	transport proteins	transport of substances	38
8556002067	receptor proteins	response of cell to chemical stimuli	39
8556004042	structural proteins	support	40
8556013486	peptide bond	bond between amino acids in the formation of proteins	41
8556021865	protein nature	structure determines function	42
8556026291	4 levels of protein structure	primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary	43
8556030556	primary protein structure	linear chain of amino acids	44
8556040250	secondary protein structure	regions stabilized by H bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone; alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet	45
8556047027	tertiary protein structure	3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains; hydrophobic interaction; disulfide bridges	46
8556060714	quaternary protein structure	association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only) i.e. collagen and hemoglobin	47
8556316471	denaturation	physical and/or chemical conditions that cause the protein to change shape, therefore, reducing or ending functionality of the protein	48
8556326298	physical/chemical conditions of denaturation	pH change, temperature change, salt concentration change (other aspects of protein environment)	49
8556340035	renaturation	the ability of a protein to restore innate structure if the denatured protein remains dissolved; conditional	50
8556350242	xray chrystallography	method used to determine the 3D structure of a protein and it depends on the diffraction of an xray beam by the atoms of a crystallized molecule	51
8556363393	intrinsically disordered proteins	may account for 20-30% of mammalian proteins; do not have a specific shape until they react with a target tissue	52
8556382534	gene	unit of inheritance	53
8556383735	nucleic acids	polymers made of monomers, nucleotides	54
8556386170	nucleotides	monomer made up of a 5 C sugar, Phosphate group, and a nitrogen base	55
8556389132	deoxyribonucleic acid	DNA; genetic material inherited by parents	56
8556395695	ribonucleic acid	RNA; synthesized by DNA; allows for gene expression to take place	57
8556397572	gene expression	DNA controls its own replication and directs RNA synthesis and controls protein synthesis; these 3 components make up gene expression; DNA -> RNA-> Proteins	58
8556423370	pyrimidine	family of N base - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil - that has one six membered ring of Carbon and nitrogen atoms	59
8556437944	purines	family of N base - Adenine and Guanine - they have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring	60
8556447673	deoxyribose	5 carbon sugar in DNA	61
8556450907	ribose	5 carbon sugar in RNA	62
8556466892	Nucleotide polymers	made up of sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogen base appendages read from the 5' end to the 3' end	63
8556477605	5' Carbon on the sugar	attached to a phosphate group	64
8556498571	3' Carbon on the sugar	attached to a hydroxyl group	65
8556582130	double helix	2 strands of DNA wound around an imaginary axis	66
8556584508	antiparallel	one side of the double helix is from 5' to 3' and the complementary side is 3' to 5'	67
8556590843	base pairing	A - T; G - C in DNA. A-U; G-C in RNA	68
8556598361	DNA sequencing	determining the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strand	69
8556604652	bioinformatics	the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets	70
8556607066	genomics	when biologists analyze large sets of genes or even whole genomes of different species to address problems	71
8556612388	proteomics	similar to genomics instead of looking at datasets of genes, scientists look at datasets of proteins to solve a problem	72
8556618312	molecular geneology	looking at the concept of evolutionary development using genetic evaluations and DNA sequencing	73
8556630940	nucleoside	5 Carbon + N base	74