AP Biology Cell Communication Flashcards

7999375692	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	0
7999375693	local regulators	signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors.	1
7999375694	paracrine signaling	A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.	2
7999375695	synaptic signaling	a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	3
7999375696	Local signaling	signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic)	4
7999375697	hormones	ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling	5
7999375698	Long distance signaling	endocrine signalling	6
7999375699	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells	7
7999375700	reception	the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein.	8
7999375701	transduction	The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.	9
7999375702	response	the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene.	10
7999375703	ligand	a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape.	11
7999375704	G-protein-coupled receptor	a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein	12
7999375705	receptor tyrosine kinase	can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity.	13
7999375706	Phosphorylation cascade	a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line .	14
7999375707	second messengers	act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein.	15
7999375708	cyclic AMP or cAMP	Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP.	16
7999375709	inositol triphosphate( IP3)	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration.	17
7999375711	Intracellular Receptors	cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors	18
7999375712	endocrine gland	a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream	19
7999375713	endocrine signaling	involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them	20
7999375714	mechanisms of hormonal signaling	(a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression	21
7999375718	ligand-gated ion channels	protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	22