(AP Biology) Chapter 26 Flashcards
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| 5131432802 | Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or a group of species. | 0 | |
| 5131432803 | Systematics | Focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationship. | 1 | |
| 5131432804 | Taxonomy | How organisms are named and classified. | 2 | |
| 5131432805 | Binomial | Genus + specific epithet(unique for each species in a genus). | 3 | |
| 5131432806 | Order of Classification | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. | 4 | |
| 5131432807 | Taxon | Named taxonic unit at any level of hierarchy. | 5 | |
| 5131432808 | Phylogenetic Tree | Branching diagram explaining the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. | 6 | |
| 5131432809 | Phylocode | Classification based solely on evolutionary history, which only name groups that include a common ancestor and its descendants. | 7 | |
| 5131432810 | Branch Points | Shows where the divergence of two evolutionary organisms are from a common ancestor. | 8 | |
| 5131432811 | Sister Taxa | Organisms that share an imidiate common ancestor. | 9 | |
| 5131432812 | Rooted | The common ancestor to the farthest left that was the common ancestor to all the taxa after it. | 10 | |
| 5131432813 | Polytomy | The branch point where more than two descendent groups emerge, though indicates data on decedent taxa not yet clear. | 11 | |
| 5131432814 | What can we learn from the phylogenetic trees and what can't we learn? | Only what common ancestor lived first, though not the time of evolvement. Can not answer what evolved from what, only that they share a common ancestor. | 12 | |
| 5131432815 | Homologies | Similarities due to shared ancestry. Morphological divergence between related species can be great and their genetic divergence small. (Or vice versa). | 13 | |
| 5131432816 | Analogy | Similarity due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry. (Not related, but have similar features.) Ex. A bird's wing and a Bats wing. | 14 | |
| 5131432817 | Convergent Evolution | Occurs when similar environmental pressures and Natural selection produce similar (Analogous) adaptation in organisms from different evolutionary divergences. | 15 | |
| 5131432818 | Homoplasy (Homoplasies) | The analogous structure that arose independently. "The bird's wing and bats wing are analogous. This is an example of Homoplasy." | 16 | |
| 5131432819 | Molecular Systematics | The Discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary history. | 17 | |
| 5131432820 | Evolutionary Molecular Homologies | If the DNA sequence and length are similar in two species then they are most likely closely related. | 18 | |
| 5131432821 | Cladistics | The common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. Scientists group species in Clades: each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its transcendence. | 19 | |
| 5131432822 | Monophyletic | All descendants and ancestral species, this is the only way a clade can be equivalent with a taxon. |  | 20 |
| 5131432823 | Paraphyletic | Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants. |  | 21 |
| 5131432824 | Polyphyletic | includes taxa with different ancestors. |  | 22 |
| 5131432825 | Decent with Modification | Organisms both share characteristics from ancestors but also differ from them. | 23 | |
| 5131432826 | Shared Ancesteral Character | A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. Ex. All mammals have backbones, but the presence of a backbone doesn't make it a mammal as all vertebrates have backbones. | 24 | |
| 5131432827 | Character/Characteristics | Another word for Trait or Traits. | 25 | |
| 5131432828 | Shared Derived Character | An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. Ex. Mammals have the character of hair which isn't seen in earlier ancestors. | 26 | |
| 5131432829 | Ingroup | The species or group of species that is known to have emerged after the outgroup. | 27 | |
| 5131432830 | Outgroup | The species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species that is being studied. | 28 | |
| 5131432831 | Maximum Parsimony | "Occars Razor" The method of investigating the simplest explanation that is consistent to the facts. | 29 | |
| 5131432832 | Maximum Likelihood | States that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. | 30 |