AP Biology Phylogeny Vocab Flashcards

7733821862	Clade	A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	0
7733821865	Phylogeny	Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of species	1
7733821866	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary tree of a group of organisms	2
7733821867	Derived Character	An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade Ex.) birds' feathers	3
7733821868	Monophyletic	"Single tribe"; a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants; equivalent to a clade	4
7733821869	Polyphyletic	"Many tribes"; a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors	5
7733821870	Paraphyletic	"Beside the tribe"; a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants	6
7733821873	Homology	structures that originated from a common ancestor and have since adapted	7
7733821874	Outgroup	A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied; Its selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other	8
7733821875	Analagous	structures that perform a similar function but have a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds.	9
7733821876	Homologous	similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function	10
7733821877	Taxonomy	Linnaeus; A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species	11
7733821882	Domain	highest taxonomic rank of organisms (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes)	12
7733821888	Archaea	Domain (no nuclear membrane, prokaryote like Bacteria, but more closely related to Eukarya)	13
7733821889	Eukarya	Domain (contain a membrane-bound nucleus) (this is animals and humans etc- the important one)	14
7733821893	Spontaneous Origin Theory	accepted by most scientists; life developed from inanimate objects as molecules became more complex	15
7733821894	Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)	simulated conditions of Earth's early atmosphere and tried to see if an electric spark could produce molecules (found that carbon compounds and then amino acids were created)	16
7733821895	RNA first Theory	life originated with a basic polymer of RNA which did the work of proteins and DNA until these molecules were produced and functioned on their own (might have started with PNA- protein nucleic acid that was able to form spontaneously and self-replicate)	17
7733821897	reducing atmosphere	availability of hydrogen allows organic molecules to form more easily, lack of oxygen allowed amino acids to last longer (normally would react w/ sugar and form CO2 in oxygen environment)	18