Basic Biochemistry AP Biology Flashcards

5329827309	proton charge	+1,	0
5329827311	electron charge	-1	1
5329827312	neutron charge	0	2
5329827313	proton location	nucleus	3
5329827315	electron location	outside nucleus in orbitals	4
5329827318	isomers	same molecular formula but different structure	5
5329827319	ionic bonds	transfer of electrons	6
5329827322	covalent bonds	atoms share electrons, creating a molecule	7
5329827323	single covalent bond	two atoms share a pair of electrons	8
5329827324	non-polar bond	electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. Will not dissolve in water	9
5329827325	polar bond	atoms are shared unequally. Will dissolve in water	10
5329827326	specific heat	the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C	11
5329827328	universal solvent	water	12
5329827329	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon	13
5329827330	carbon	always forms 4 covalent bonds	14
5329827331	major classes of organic compounds	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	15
5329827332	ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate	2/1	16
5329827334	three classes of carbohydrates	monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.	17
5329827335	monosaccharides	chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another).	18
5329827336	disaccharides	chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water)	19
5329827337	sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose	and example of hydrolysis	20
5329827338	polysaccharides	polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis.	21
5329827339	five important polysaccharides	cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan	22
5329827340	chitin	important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges.	23
5329827341	glycogen	important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans.	24
5329827342	lipids	functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.	25
5329827344	fatty acid	a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated	26
5329827345	steroids	lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol.	27
5329827346	saturated fats	generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter!	28
5329827347	proteins	enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc....	29
5329827348	-OH	hydroxyl group	30
5329827349	PO4-2	phosphate group	31
5329827351	nucleic acid	either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides.	32
5329827352	nucleotide	a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base	33
5329827360	cholesterol	lipid used as the base for many steroids	34
5329827361	Phospholipids in Cell Membranes	A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.	35
5329827363	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	main energy source for cells	36
5329827376	Peptide bond	The bond between two amino acids	37
5329827378	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	38
5329827379	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	39
5329827380	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids -COOH	40
5329827381	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid. It is always off the middle carbon	41
5329827385	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water. The opposite of Dehydration Synthesis	42
5329827396	Phospholipid	One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule	43
5329827397	Mutation	any change in the DNA of an organism	44
5329827400	Specific Heat	The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius	45
5329827404	Surface Tension	on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding	46
5329827405	Capillary action	the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube.	47
5329827406	Sulfhydryl group	this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins	48
5329827408	monomer of nucleic acid	nucleotide	49
5329827409	subunits of proteins	amino acids	50
5329827411	store and transmit genetic info	nucleic acids	51
5329827413	contain twice as much hydrogen as carbon	carbohydrates	52
5329827414	store enough energy for a bear to hibernate	lipid	53
5329827415	contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen	protein	54
5329827416	polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects	chitin	55
5329827418	long, chain like molecule made up of many repeating monomers	polymer	56
5329827419	group of organic compounds rich containing C, H, and O with a very high H to O ratio	lipids	57
5329827421	along with a sugar and a nitrogenous base, makes up a nucletide	phosphate	58
5329827422	disaccharide known as table sugar	sucrose	59
5329827423	polysaccharide in which animals store excess carbs (animal starch)	glycogen	60
5329827426	polysaccharides found in plant cell walls	cellulose	61
5329827427	monosaccharide that cells can use	glucose	62
5329827429	protein	macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes	63
5329827431	carbohydrates	organic compounds, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom	64
5329827432	starch	polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers	65
5329827433	cellulose	polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls	66
5329827434	DNA	a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	67
5329827435	enzyme	specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions	68
5329827436	RNA	ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis	69
5329827438	fat	saturated solid at RT no double bonds	70
5329827439	oils	unsaturated liquid at RT many double bonds	71
5329827440	Lactose	A disaccharide found in Milk	72