AP Psych-Developmental Psychology Flashcards

8373379851	cross sectional research	compare groups of people of various ages on similar task--can reveal the average age of certain skills and abilities. (used more frequently)	0
8373379852	continuous growth	gradual process--growth happens slowly	1
8373379853	discontinuous growth	growth happens in leaps or spurts	2
8373379854	critical period	time during which a skill or ability must develop or it probably never will (Language by age 12)	3
8373379855	chronological age	time since you were born	4
8373379856	biological age	physical health (organs, diseases, accidents, nutrition, exercise)	5
8373379857	psychological age	affected by experiences and predispositions	6
8373379858	social age	roles and peer groups	7
8373379859	germinal stage	sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote (2 weeks), it then implants in the uterine wall	8
8373379860	embryonic stage	(to 8th week), organ formation; about 1.5 inches long	9
8373379861	fetal stage	(2-9 months) male and female/ brain and nervous system	10
8373379862	teratogens	harmful substances that cross the placenta to affect the baby	11
8373379863	rooting reflex	when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn his or her head to the side where he or she felt the touch and seek to put the object into his or her mouth.	12
8373379864	sucking reflex	when an object is placed into the baby's mouth, the infant will suck on it. (The combination of the rooting and sucking reflexes obviously help babies eat.)	13
8373379865	grasping reflex	If an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad, the baby would try to grasp the objects with his or her finger or toes	14
8373379866	Moro reflex	when startled a baby will fling his or her limbs out and then quickly react them, making himself or herself as small as possible	15
8373379867	Babinski reflex	when a baby's foot is stroked, he or she will spread the toes	16
8373379868	gross motor skills	large muscles (run, skip, throw, climb, hitting, punching) boys develop more quickly	17
8373379869	fine motor skills	small muscles ( finger painting, coloring, cutting, tying shoes) girls develop more quickly	18
8373379870	Jean Piaget	Brilliant observer of children- children make constant mental adaptations to new observations experiments, equilibration is a child's attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation	19
8373379871	assimilation	incorporating new ideas into existing schema	20
8373379872	sensorimotor stage	Acquires understanding of object permanence. First understandings of cause-and-effect relationships.	21
8373379873	accomadation	modify existing schema to fit better with new information	22
8373379874	preoperational stage	symbolic thought emerges, Language development occurs ( 2-4 years). Thought and language both tend to be egocentrics. cannot solve conservation problems	23
8373379875	concrete operations stage	reversibility attained, can solve conservation problems. logical thought develops and it applied to concrete problems. Cannot solve complex verbal problems and hypothetical problems.	24
8373379876	formal operations	logically solves all types of problems. Thinks scientifically. Solves complex verbal and hypothetical problems. Is able to thinks in abstract terms	25
8373379877	Lev Vygotsky	emphasized the social culture influences on children's cognitive development. Nurture is important in development, especially the adult in the child's life and the culture.	26
8373379878	scaffolding	change support to fit the needs of a child ( new learning needs lots of support)	27
8373379879	fluid intelligence	the capacity foe deductive reasoning and the ability to use info to solve problems	28
8373379880	attachment	crucial to health and survival; by becoming attached to the caregivers children gain a secure base from which they can explore the environment and a haven of safety to return to.	29
8373379881	Margaret and Harry Harlow	contact comfort experiment with monkeys (one "mom" is just wires, the other is wires with fur)	30
8373379882	socialization	children learn the rules and behaviors expected of them by society.	31
8373379883	Mary Ainsworth	used experimental method called strange situation: placed infants in new situations; parents left for a short time.	32
8373379884	authoritarian parenting style	strict standards for children's behavior/ punishment for violating the rules/ obey without much communication/ respects hard work and effort/ "My way"/ may distrust others and withdraw.	33
8373379885	authoritative parenting style	constant, reasonable standards with expectations/ encourage independence but don't break the rules/ warm and nurturing/ socially capable and do well academically	34
8373379886	permissive parenting style	a parenting style that allows freedom, lax parenting that doesn't set limits or enforce rules constantly	35
8373379887	Michael Lamb	1998. importance is quality of daycare not the daycare itself.	36
8373379888	Erik Erikson	Psychosocial theory: crisis in each stage must be resolved to move on. challenges are present in one form or another throughout life.	37
8373379889	psychosocial theory stages	crisis in each stage must be resolved to move on. challenges are present in one form or another throughout life. Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity diffusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair	38
8373379890	gender identity	the fundamental sense of being male or female regardless of what is worn or behavior involved	39
8373379891	gender typing	Societies ideas about behaviors, interests and abilities that are appropriately masculine or feminine	40
8373379892	Lawrence Kohlberg	1960's inspired by Piaget's work created a stage theory of moral development which creates hypothetical dilemmas.	41
8373379893	preconventional level	Moral reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules.	42
8373379894	conventional level	Moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized	43
8373379895	postconventional level	Moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society.	44
8373379896	Carol Gilligan	Men base moral choices on abstract principles of law and justice (conventional) Women base on compassion/ caring (postconventional). Problems- no meta analysis/implies moral reasoning is fixed.	45
8373379897	puberty	The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.	46
8373379898	adolescence	the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminatinglegally when the age of majority is reached; youth.	47
8373379899	adulthood	having attained full size and strength; grown up; mature: an adult person, animal, or plant.	48
8373379900	social clock	a cultural specific timetable for events to occur. Events include marriage, having children, etc.	49
8373379901	euthanasia	painlessly putting to death people who are suffering from incurable diseases or sever disabilities (Mercy Killing)	50
8373379902	Elizabeth Kubler Ross	Stages of dying	51
8373379903	thanatologists	studies death and dying. The context in which people die is important.	52
8373379904	critical period for language	age 12	53
8373379905	conservation	one of Piaget's developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.	54
8373379906	classification	Piaget, putting things into groups	55