AP Psychology Unit 8A Flashcards

5881137239	motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.	0
5881573777	instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned through a species and is unlearned	1
5881641639	instinct theory	focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors	2
5881641640	drive	an aroused, motivated state	3
5881649964	drive-reduction theory	focuses on how our inner pushes and our external pulls interact	4
5881652013	homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	5
5881652014	incentives	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior	6
5881653098	optimum arousal theory	focuses on finding the right level of stimulation	7
5881653645	Abraham Maslow	self-transcendence, self-actualization, self-esteem, love & belongingness, safety, and physiological needs.	8
5881654049	Hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active	9
5881655168	A.L. Washburn and Walter Cannon	american physiologists, experimented on hunger. their tests demonstrate that stomach contractions(pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger	10
5881655169	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues	11
5881655838	insulin	A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.	12
5881656346	hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	13
5881656347	lateral hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals	14
5881656859	orexin	hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus	15
5881659568	ventromedial hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.	16
5881659569	ghrelin	hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain	17
5881660071	obestatin	secreted by stomach, sends full signals to brain	18
5881660072	leptin	hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used	19
5881662846	PYY	digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain	20
5881662847	set point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set	21
5881663717	basal metabolic rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure	22
5881663718	settling point	the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure	23
5881665449	neophobia	dislike(/fear) of things unfamiliar	24
5881667041	social facilitation	the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies	25
5881667505	unit bias	the tendency for individuals to want to complete a unit of a given item or task	26
5881667863	anorexia nervosa	An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.	27
5881668948	bulimia nervosa	An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.	28
5881669462	binge-eating disorder	significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa	29
5881670445	biological influences on eating disorders	genetics may influence susceptibility to eating disorders	30
5881671440	cultural influences on eating disorders	body ideals vary across culture and time	31
5881772533	obesity and weight control	fat is an ideal form of stored energy - a high-calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods where food was scarce - a common occurrence in the feast-or-famine existence of our prehistoric ancestors	32
5884863525	social effects of obesity	obesity can also be socially toxic, by affecting both how you are treated and how you feel about yourself	33
5884867733	fat cells	Energy reserves are stored in the skin as... the immediate determinants of body fat are the size and number of fat cells	34
5884872197	set point and metabolism	once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it	35
5884873713	genetic factors	some genes might influences when our intestines signal "full", with others dictating how efficiently we burn calories or convert extra calories to fat	36
5884876318	food and activity factors	children and adults who skimp on sleep are more vulnerable to obesity	37
5884879826	social influence	people were/are more likely to become obese when a friend became/becomes obese	38
5884879827	heritability	the extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup is important in trying to understand human behavior	39
5884881902	losing weight	having lost weight, formerly obese people look normal, but their fat cells may be abnormally small, their metabolism slowed, and their minds obsessed with food	40
5884885331	masters and johnson	Sexual response cycle became the most famous sex researchers since Alfred Kinsley by studying couples in the act of lovemaking. studied physiological responses of sexual intercourse	41
5884886845	sexual response cycle	the 4 stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson	42
5884887910	excitement phase	during the initial......, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, her breasts and nipples may enlarge	43
5884890167	plateau phase	excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase	44
5884893529	orgasm	muscle contractions all over the body; these were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates	45
5884894567	resolution phase	engorged genitals release blood. male goes through refractory phase. women resolve faster	46
5884896189	refractory period	a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm	47
5884900906	estrogen	sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics	48
5884900907	testosterone	A male sex hormone produced by the testes; women secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary.	49
5884902631	external stimuli	it is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing See, hear, or read erotic material	50
5884905493	imagined stimuli	the brain is the most significant sex organ, imagination can influence sexual arousal and desire	51
5884909318	5 factors of teen pregnancy	1. ignorance 2. minimal communication about birth control 3. guilt related to sexual activity 4. alcohol use 5. mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity	52
5884913689	sexually transmitted diseases	factors that reduce sexual activity in teens; also called (STI's) sexually transmitted infections	53
5884916194	4 factors of teen restraint	1. high intelligence 2. religious engagement 3. father presence 4. participation in service learning programs	54
5884918349	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	55
5884930284	erotic plasticity	the degree to which one's sex drive can be changed by cultural or social factors	56
5884935003	sexual orientation stats	about 3 or 4% of men and 1 or 2% of women	57
5884937496	fraternal birth-order effect	refers to an increase in the probability that a male will prefer a homosexual orientation with each older brother he has	58
5884939832	same sex attraction in animals	some degree of homosexuality seems to be a natural part of the animal word	59
5884946993	brain hemispheric differences in sexual orientation	brains differ with sexual orientation	60
5884952225	hypothalamic differences in sexual orientation	it is more likely that brain anatomy influences sexual orientation	61
5884961696	genetic differences in sexual orientation	shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins	62
5884968111	prenatal hormones and sexual orientation	altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals	63
5884973075	need to belong/affiliative motive	people are social beings who have a need to belong to a group, to love others, and to be loved	64
5884973076	ostracism	social exclusion; being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion or rejection	65
5884976139	anterior cingulate cortex	the part of the brain located in the middle of the frontal lobe; at the front of the corpus callosum	66
5884979923	approach-approach conflict	describes the situation where a person is trying to make a choice between two different desirable options	67
5884985581	approach-avoidance conflicts	involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative ramifications	68
5884988339	avoidance-avoidance conflict	refers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices	69
5884991772	multiple approach-avoidance conflict	describes the internal mental debate that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements	70