AP Psychology: History and Research Flashcards

7292745538	everyday behaviors and feelings	The vast majority of psychologists study...	0
7292748556	basic science	The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is called...	1
7292753113	theory	A complex explanation based on findings from many studies is a(n)...	2
7292770899	Sigmund Freud	The concept of "unconscious determinants of behavior" is associated with...	3
7292778678	free association	Which of the following is NOT associated with B.F. Skinner?	4
7292789603	is an educated guess, has to be scientifically tested, and is part of the scientific method	A hypothesis...	5
7292794616	Wilhelm Wundt	The first modern psychologist was...	6
7292796056	personality test	Sir Francis Galton contributed to the development of the...	7
7292806217	humanistic psychology	Which of the following is associated with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?	8
7292877706	applied science	Psychologists who use psychological principles to solve immediate problems are practicing...	9
7292941399	scientific study of behavior and mental processes	Psychology is defined by...	10
7292944731	observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior	The main goals of psychology are to...	11
7292946182	surveys and experiments	Two research methods widely used by psychologists are...	12
7292954197	its concern with the biological functions of the brain, the way it conducts experiments, the way it conducts experiments, and the way it analyzes data and draws conclusions	The practice of psychology is closely related to the natural sciences by...	13
7292971572	experiments in astrology often do not yield the same results twice	Many scientists do not believe in astrology because...	14
7292979869	clinical psychologists	The majority of psychologists are...	15
7292996373	changes that occur throughout the life span	Developmental psychologists are especially concerned with...	16
7293007189	external rather than internal influences	Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on...	17
7293015313	clarify their goals, overcome adjustment problems, and meet challenges	Counseling psychologists encourage their clients to...	18
7293024005	educational psychologists	Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by...	19
7293028508	1800s, after the birth of modern science	Modern psychology, was born in the...	20
7293030293	introspection	The method of learning that stresses examining one's own thought and feelings is...	21
7293036579	how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment	William James rejected structuralism and focused on...	22
7293040313	sudden insight	According to Gestalt psychologists, much learning is accomplished by...	23
7293046667	unconscious motives and conflicts	In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by...	24
7300285229	conscious choice and self-direction	The contemporary psychoanalytic perspective stresses the influence of...	25
7300289887	the scientific study of observable behavior	The school of behaviorism defined psychology...	26
7300292491	the effects of biological factors on our behavior	The modern biological perspective of psychology studies...	27
7300297144	the humanistic perspective	Human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of...	28
7300300142	in consultations with patients	In contrast to other early psychologists, Sigmund Freud gained his understanding of human behavior...	29
7300323842	everyday experiences and common sense, other research studies, and folklore	Psychologists come up with research questions based on...	30
7300325073	a survey	One method that helps researcher gather information from many people is...	31
7300331749	people at random from the target population	To ensure that a sample represents a target population, researcher select...	32
7300335337	older studies drew participants from the military and universities	Men have traditionally taken part in psychological studies more often than women because...	33
7300337466	personality tests, aptitude test, and intelligence test	The testing method of observation investigates human behavior through...	34
7300339308	Sigmund Freud	The case-study method of observation was practiced by...	35
7300342173	case studies cannot always be replicated	Scientists are cautious about making generalizations from case studies because...	36
7300344492	the ways in which people change over time	The longitudinal method is concerned with observing...	37
7300346218	may drop out	The greatest drawback of the longitudinal method is that participant in the study...	38
7300349104	comparing participants from different age groups	The cross-sectional method chart changed over time by...	39
7300350834	naturalistic observation	Observing the way people eat in restaurants is an example of...	40
7300471739	laboratory observation	"Skinner boxes" are examples of...	41
7300502663	correlation	After making their observations, scientists study their data using...	42
7300505384	show the effect of the treatment and no other factors	In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to...	43
7300511049	a person's expectations affect the results of a treatment	A placebo is often as effective as taking medication because...	44
7300636043	may have expectations that affect their observations	A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers...	45
7300638629	encourage participants to tell the truth	Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to...	46
7300643519	there was no control group, the experimental group was too small, and the sample did not remain constant over the course of the experiment	The 1927 study at the Hawthorne plant was flawed because...	47
7300651104	if there will be no harmful effects from the study	According to the American Psychologist Association, psychologists can deceive participants in an experiment...	48
7300653988	make sure the findings are true for different groups of people	Scientists sometimes replicate a study using different participants in order to...	49
7300655665	experimental	Participants in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable make up the _____ group.	50
7300657710	mean	The most commonly used measure of central tendency is the...	51
7300658822	double-blind study	When neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which group of participants is the experimental one, the study is known as a...	52
7300672338	84	What is the mode of the following distribution: 63, 75, 75, 79, 82, 82, 84, 84, 84, 84, 91, 99.	53
7300682864	longitudinal	In _____ studies, psychologists study the same group of participants at regular intervals over a period of years.	54
7300683644	independent	The variable that experimenters manipulate is called the _____ variable.	55
7300685153	correlation	A measure of the degrees of relatedness between two variables is...	56
7300688169	avoid disturbing the participants	The cardinal rule of naturalistic observation is to	57
7300690273	self-fulfilling prophecy	When researchers unwittingly bring about the situation they expected to find, they have created a...	58
7300692025	81	What is the median of the following distribution: 65, 78, 78, 81, 84, 92, 96.	59
7300696256	frequency polygon	Which of the following uses rectangles to show frequency distribution?	60
7300698300	mean	On a normal curve, the center of the range of scores is represented by the...	61
7300740809	similar to storage facilities; similar to file names on computers, we need names to recall information	According to cognitive psychologists, how do people store and retrive information?	62
7300744664	In case studies you interview and study 1-5 people while naturalistic observation does not involve you interviewing with the clients. Rather you watch them without disturbing them.	How does naturalistic observation differ from a case study?	63
7300751813	A random sample is a sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to represent the whole. A stratified sample has groups that are formed based on the percentage of shared traits in a population.	What is the difference between a random sample and a stratified sample?	64
7300760255	True	Psychologists use everyday techniques to gather and analyze information in a systematic way.	65
7300762669	False	A stratified is considered non-representative because it places the population into small groups.	66
7300890189	True	The primary rule of naturalistic observation is to remain unseen or unnoticed by the subjects of your observation.	67
7300897818	False	Psychologists regularly develop theories based on case studies.	68
7300899991	False	A positive correlation indicated that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two sets of data.	69
7300910685	True	One difference between an interview and a questionnaire is that the researcher conducting an interview can clarify or rephrase a question.	70
7300916681	True	Researchers use experiments when they have more than two variables to consider.	71
7300925182	False	An ethical psychologist would not use an anonymous survey because the participants would be unaware of how the results of the survey would be used.	72
7300927752	False	This graph shows a negative correlation between the hours spent playing a video game and the scores earned on the game.	73
7300933073	True	Some distributions have two modes, and are therefore known as bimodal distributions.	74
7300941142	Kenneth B. Clark	Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children.	75
7300942484	cognitive activity	Mental process, such as a dream or memory.	76
7300947991	structuralism	School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience.	77
7300950032	sociocultural perspective	Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status.	78
7300952112	John B. Watson	Found of the school of behaviorism.	79
7300958479	Socrates	Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection.	80
7300959959	Wilhelm Wundt	Founded structuralism.	81
7300963419	Gestalt psychology	School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts.	82
7300969588	behavior	Action that can be observed or measured.	83
7300972305	William James	Wrote the first modern psychology textbook.	84
7300977879	independent variable	Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect.	85
7300979388	correlation	Measure of how closely one thing is related to another.	86
7300980046	stratified sample	Sample in which subgroups of a population are represented proportionally.	87
7300982161	hypothesis	Educated guess.	88
7300982162	target population	Whole group that is the subject of a study.	89
7300993754	single-blind study	Study in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treament or not.	90
7300998483	case study	In-depth investigation of an individual or small group.	91
7300999749	placebo	Substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it.	92
7301002294	population	The total group from which a sample is drawn.	93
7301004890	frequency distribution	Arranging data so you know how often a score occurs.	94
7301006044	scatter plot	Graph that demonstrates the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	95
7301011477	stratified sample	Representative of various subgroups of the population.	96
7301013123	correlation coefficient	A statistic that describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables or data.	97
7301015277	normal curve	A symmetrical bell-shaped curve.	98
7301017945	descriptive statistics	The listing and summarizing of data in a practical way.	99