AP Biology Cell Signalling Flashcards

5725213448	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	0
5725213449	hormones	Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.	1
5725213450	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.	2
5725213451	protein kinase	The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.	3
5725213452	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	4
5725213453	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	5
5725213454	transduction	The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.	6
5725213455	response	The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.	7
5725213456	G-protein-linked receptor	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.	8
5725213457	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.	9
5725213458	ligand-gated ion channel	Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.	10
5725213459	paracrine	Local Signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. Ex: Growth Factors.	11
5725213460	synaptic	Local Signaling. Occurs in animal nervous system, nerve releases neurotransmitter molecules into synapse, stimulating target cell.	12
5725213461	endocrine	Long distance signaling. Signals sent into blood stream, message may reach all body cells.	13
5725213462	cyclic AMP	cAMP (a second messenger) activates another protein, usually protein kinase A, leading to cellular response.	14