AP Biology: Cell Parts Flashcards

Group 3, the biolo-gene-iuses

8290536066	Nucleus	the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin	0
8290536067	Nuclear Envelope	in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic in the cytoplasm. the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum; encloses the nucleus	1
8290536069	Chromosomes	a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (in some contexts, it may refer to the DNA alone); a eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes located in the nucleus; a prokaryotic cell typically has a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid	2
8290536070	Chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes (when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of long and thin fibers)	3
8290536071	Nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly	4
8290536072	Ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. in eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus	5
8290536073	Endosymbiont theory	A cell living within another cell The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.	6
8290536074	Mitochondria	somewhat independent and help to grow and reproduce the cell plays a role in ATP production. (Powerhouse) found in all eukaryotes	7
8290536075	Cristae	The inner convoluted (complex) membrane of the mitochondria Houses electron transport trains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing ATP Divides the mitochondrion into two separate inner chambers Enhances the productivity of cellular respiration	8
8290536076	Mitochondrial Matrix	The second compartment inside the mitochondrion created by the Cristae Contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle as well as ribosomes and DNA Some of the enzymes helps to catalyze cellular respiration	9
8290536077	Chloroplast	An organelle in plants that absorb sunlight and uses that as energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (glucose or sugar) from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis) Lens shaped, about 3-6μm They are found in eukaryotic plant cells	10
8290536078	Thylakoids	sometimes connected membrane "sacs" located inside chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy They are found in plant cells	11
8290536079	Granum	the term for a stacked amount of thylakoid Described as membrane bound stacks of thylakoid in the chloroplasts. Found in eukaryotic and plant cells	12
8290536080	Stroma	Aids in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, and contains ribosomes and DNA Explained as the fluid that surrounds the thylakoid Found in eukaryotic and plant cells	13
8290536081	Peroxisome	Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from certain molecules and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. In the liver detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen.	14
8290536082	Nucleus	Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell and are only found in the eukaryotic cell, This is the central and most important part of the cell	15
8290536083	Nucleoid	A region that is not bounded by a membrane, it contains all or most of the genetic material and is largely composed of DNA	16
8290536084	Cytosol	Semifluid, jellylike substances in which sub-cellular components are suspended	17
8290536085	Plasma membrane	Functions as a passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell and are also known as the cell membrane	18
8290536086	Chromosomes	Structures that carry the genetic information which is DNA	19
8290536087	Ribosomes	binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.	20
8290536088	Eukaryotic Cell	Most of the DNA is an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane and they contain membrane bound organelles	21
8290536089	Prokaryotic Cell	No nucleus, DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid and they do not contain membrane bound organelles	22
8290536090	Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	Both have cell membrane, ribosomes and cytoplasm	23
8290536091	Surface Area to Volume Ratio	Cells are small because as a cell increases size volume grows proportionately more than its surface area and the plasma membrane only allows a limited amount of a particular substance across per second	24
8290536092	Plant Cell	Cell wall, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, and Plasmodesmata	25
8290536093	Animal Cell	Centrosome with centrioles, Microvilli, Lysosome and Flagellum	26
8290536094	Endomembrane System	Includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane.	27
8290536095	Vesicles	A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell. Used to transport or store molecules.	28
8290536096	Golgi apparatus	Folded membrane within the cytoplasm. Involved in the secretion and intercellular transport of a cell.Receives proteins from ER. ER makes molecules that the Golgi edits and ships elsewhere. Modifies, sorts and packages the proteins for secretion. Known as the "post office".	29
8290536097	Endoplasmic reticulum	A network of either rough or smooth membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. Usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.	30
8290536098	Smooth ER	A network of membranous tubules that regulate and release calcium ions and process toxins. Produces necessities in order for the cell to a function as a whole. Synthesizes lipids.	31
8290536099	Rough ER	A network of membranous tubules with ribosomes attached to the surface that give it a textured look, continuous with the nuclear membrane. Involved in protein synthesis.	32
8290536100	Lysosomes	Membrane enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of polymers such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Acts as the digestive system of the cell. Hydrolytic enzymes (can perform hydrolysis).	33
8290536101	Phagocytosis	The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytic vacuoles. Large particles are taken in by phagosomes and then fused with lysosomes resulting in the digestion of their contents.	34
8290536102	Vacuoles	Act as storage bubbles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Stores food, waste (to protect from contamination) and a variety of nutrients necessary for survival. Three different types of vacuoles including the central-holds materials and wastes, contractile-expels excess liquid on contraction and food-stores food until an organism needs it.	35
8290536103	Cell Wall	an extracellular (outside of the cell) structure of plant cells that functions to protect the plant cell, allow the plant cell to maintain its shape, and prevent the excessive uptake of water.	36
8290536104	Thicker	The cell wall is __________ than the cell membrane to hold up the plant cell against gravity, wind, or any other kind of force.	37
8290536105	Cellulose	The cell wall of plants is made up of ... ?	38
8290536110	Extracellular Matrix	The collection of extracellular molecules that provides structure to cells.	39
8290536111	Proteins Carbohydrates	What is the Extracellular Matrix Made up of?	40
8290536112	Collagen	The most abundant protein found in the ECM of animal cells. It forms strong fibers outside of the cell -Only found in animal cells.	41
8290536115	Integrins	Surface receptor protein that spans over the plasma membrane and binds on their cytoplasmic side to proteins attached to the cytoskeleton -Transmit signals between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton -Only found in animal cells.	42
8290536116	Cell Junctions	These are structures that allow neighboring cells in an animal or plant to adhere, interact and communicate via sites of direct physical contact	43
8290536117	Plasmodesmata	-The only cell junctions within plant cells Channels through the cell walls that connect plant cells, which are membrane lined and filled with cytosol -Allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell	44
8290536122	Gap Junctions (communicating junctions)	Animal cell junctions that function similarly to plasmodesmata in plant cells - they are membrane-lined channels that join a cell to an adjacent cell - Allows for ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules to pass between cells	45
8290536123	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm	46
8290536124	motor proteins	cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins work together with plasma membrane molecules to allow the whole cell to move along fibers outside the cell	47
8290536125	microtubules	hollow rods; wall consist of 13 columns of tubular molecule (thickest component of the cytoskeleton)	48
8290536126	microfilaments	two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits (thinnest component of the cytoskeleton)	49
8290536128	centrosome	a region that is located often near the nucleus	50
8290536129	centrioles	comes in a pair inside the centrosome; each composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules	51
8290536130	cilia/flagella	microtubule containing extensions that project cells	52
8290536131	basal body	structurally similar to a centriole; with microtubule triplets in a "9+0" pattern	53
8290536134	myosin	thousand of actin filaments and thicker filaments of a motor protein, interact to cause a contraction of muscle cells	54