AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

5208015144	Microevolution	Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.	0
5208015145	Macroevolution	Evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups	1
5208015146	Hardy-Weinberg Equation	p² + 2pq + q² =1	2
5208015147	Gene flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population. It INCREASES diversity.	3
5208015148	Mutations	Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.	4
5208015149	Nonrandom mating	Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason.	5
5208015150	Natural Selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	6
5208015151	Genetic Drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. It LIMITS diversity.	7
5208015152	Bottleneck Effect	When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's. It LIMITS diversity.	8
5208015153	The Founder Effect	When a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population.	9
5208015154	Gene Pool	All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population	10
5208015155	Heterozygous	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait	11
5208015156	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a particular gene	12
5208015163	Linnaeus	Invented binomial nomenclature	13
5208015167	Lamarck	inheritance of acquired characteristics	14
5208015169	Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection	15
5208015170	Stabilizing Selection	Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.	16
5208015171	Disruptive Selection	Increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.	17
5208015172	Directional Selection	Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.	18
5208015174	Artificial Selection	Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock.	19
5208015177	Fitness	How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment	20
5208015178	Adaptive evolution	An evolutionary process that is directed by natural selection, which makes a population better adapted to live in an environment.	21
5208015187	Independent Assortment	the law by which genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other	22
5208015188	Crossing over	Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments.	23
5208015189	Random Fertilization	The combination of each unique sperm with each each unique egg	24
5208015190	Diploid	having two sets of chromosomes	25
5208015191	Haploid	Cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells	26
5208015192	Heterozygote advantage	greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool	27
5208015198	Homologous Structures	Structures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.	28
5208015199	Analogous Structures	Similar in function but not structure, like the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly.	29
5208015201	Convergent Evolution	The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment	30