Biochemistry - AP Biology Flashcards

6680121597	Polar Molecule	An asymmetrical molecule with a slight charge (dipole); that is hydrophilic (water loving) ex: water	0
6680121598	Hydrophilic	Water loving	1
6680121599	Nonpolar Molecule	A symmetrical or balanced molecule with no charge; hydrophobic (water fearing) ex: lipid	2
6680121600	Hydrophobic	Water fearing	3
6680121601	Properties of Water	Ice is less dense than water Very polar Strong H2 attractions High specific heat High heat of vaporization Universal solvent Strong cohesion property	4
6680121602	Cohesion	Attraction of water molecules to one another	5
6680121603	Adhesion	Attraction of water molecules to other substances	6
6680121604	pH	measure of acidity pH < 7 is acidic pH > 7 is basic pH = 7 is neutral acid = [H+] base = [OH-]	7
6680121605	Carbohydrates	Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Polymers of monosaccharides Function: quick energy Ex: glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose	8
6680121606	Lipids	Consists of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Hydrophobic Function: energy storage, structure, steroids, hormones	9
6680121607	Steroid	Lipid made of 4 carbon rings	10
6680121608	Proteins	Consists of S, P, C, O, H, and N R-group is variable region of amino acid Polymers of amino acids Function: growth and repair	11
6680121609	Protein Structure	Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure	12
6680121610	Primary Structure (Protein)	Determined by the amino acid sequence of the chain attached by peptide bonds	13
6680121611	Secondary Structure (Protein)	Determined by intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the chain alpha helix and beta pleated sheets	14
6680121612	Tertiary Structure (Protein)	3-D shape determined by the folding and interactions between amino acids (e.g., nonpolar, polar, disulfide bridges)	15
6680121613	Quaternary Structure (Protein)	Determined by the interactions between 2 or more chains of polypeptides	16
6680121614	Nucleic Acids	RNA, DNA, ATP Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides consist of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base	17
6680121615	Enzyme Characteristics	Organic catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy. Function based by induced fit. Denature at specific temperature and pH.	18
6680121616	Activation Energy	Energy required to begin a reaction	19
6680121617	Substrate	The molecule an enzyme works on (A)	20
6680121618	Active Site	Where enzyme and substrate bond (induced fit)	21
6680121619	Induced Fit Model	As a substrate enters the active site of an enzyme, it induces that enzyme to alter its shape slightly so the two bond properly	22
6680121620	Competitive Inhibition	Two different substrates resemble each other and compete for the same active site on one enzyme	23
6680121621	Noncompetitive Inhibition	The enzyme has more than one active site and the substrates do not resemble each other. When one substrate binds to its active site, the second enzyme cannot bind; thus, no product is formed.	24
6680121622	Allosteric Inhibition	Involves an enzyme with two active sites: one for a substrate, one for an inhibitor. The enzyme can alternate between two different confirmations: one active, on inactive. Formation of product is inhibited when the inhibitor binds to the inhibitor site and the enzyme undergoes a conformational change. The active site is altered, and the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme.	25
6680136753	Amino Acid	monomer of proteins 20 total types one end has a carboxyl group one end has an amino group has center carbon with variable R group which determines chemical properties	26
6680147977	amphipathic	a molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts example: phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails	27
6680156044	anabolic	chemical reaction that builds molecules such as photosynthesis	28
6680159982	catabolic	chemical reaction that breaks down molecules such as respiration	29
6680166287	catalyst	a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction	30
6680168220	coenzyme	An organic molecule that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme	31
6680371277	denaturation	A process in which a protein loses it's shape	32
6680380507	disaccharide	two sugars bonded together examples: lactose, sucrose	33
6680385898	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule	34
6680407704	macromolecule	a giant molecule formed by joining of smaller molecules, usually by dehydration synthesis	35
6680413134	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	36
6680449762	monosaccharide	simple sugar	37
6680458726	nucleotide	building block of nucleic acids consisting of a five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups	38
6680520348	Peptide bond	Covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group	39
6680537343	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers in a chain	40