Cell Respiration - AP Biology Flashcards

6275105689	Cellular Respiration	The process by which cells produce energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy (oxidative process)	0
6275105690	ATP	Consists of adenosine plus 3 phosphates; source of immediate energy (know this structure)	1
6275105691	Glycolysis	Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate - Occurs in cytoplasm - Makes 2 Net ATP molecules and 2 molecules of NADH	2
6275105692	Fermentation	A process that produces a small amount of energy in the absence of oxygen - Begins with glycolysis and produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and then alcohol or lactic acid - Converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons to pyruvate	3
6275105693	Aerobic Respiration	Consists of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation - Requires oxygen - Occurs after the anaerobic respiration - Produces 34 ATP - Occurs in the mitochondria	4
6275105694	Citric Acid Cycle	Synonym for Krebs Cycle	5
6275105695	Anaerobic Respiration	Synonym for fermentation	6
6275105696	Aerobic	With oxygen	7
6275105697	Anaerobic	Without oxygen	8
6275105698	Krebs cycle	Uses 2 acetyl co-A to produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP and CO2 as waste - Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix - Part of aerobic respiration - Turns twice for each molecule of glucose (also known as Citric Acid Cycle)	9
6275105699	Acetyl co-A	coenzyme combined with pyruvate created in middle step; raw material of Krebs cycle	10
6275105700	ATP synthase	An enzyme that produces ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation	11
6275105701	Electron Transport Chain	Energy-coupling reaction that creates H+ gradient in the membrane necessary for the production of ATP through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation - Energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons is used to pump protons across the membrane to create a proton gradient - Electrons flow down the chain from one carrier molecule to the next in a series of redox reactions - The final hydrogen (H+) acceptor in the chain is oxygen (H2+1/2O2 --> H2O) / Water is the waste product and is exhaled	12
6275105702	Oxygen	Final electron acceptor in the ETC	13
6275105703	Water	Waste product created by at the end of the ETC	14
6275105704	Chemiosmosis	A process by which ATP is formed as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase complex (chemical + ...)	15
6275105705	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	Process that produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a susbtrate directly to ADP, forming ATP	16
6275105706	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy from the electron transport chain. Ends with the production of water.	17
6275105707	NADH	Primary electron transporter to the ETC from glycolysis and Krebs cycle	18
6275105708	FADH2	Secondary electron transporter to the ETC from Krebs cycle, entering at lower energy levels than NADH	19
6275105709	NAD+	Oxidized form of NADH	20
6275105710	FAD	Oxidized form of FADH2	21
6275105711	Redox Reactions	Reduction and oxidation	22
6275105712	Reduction	gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen -> for storing energy	23
6275105713	Oxidation	loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen -> for releasing energy	24
6275105714	Cytochromes	Proteins that help make up the ETC; transport electrons	25
6275105715	Inner-membrane space	Mitochondrial part where the ETC pumps protons	26
6275105716	Matrix	Site of Krebs cycle in mitochondria	27
6275105717	Cristae membrane	site of ETC and ATP synthase complex - contains thousands of copies of the ETC - impermeable to protons (H+) - folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane	28