Campbell Chapter 27 Flashcards

7746175644	Prokaryotes	Unicellular Organism that lacks membrane bound organelles	0
7746175645	cell wall	a key feature of almost all prokaryotes	1
7746175646	peptidoglycan	the polymer constructed from modified sugars that is found in most bacterial cell walls	2
7746175647	gram stain	a categorization method that relies on differences in cell wall composition	3
7746175648	gram-positive	simpler walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan	4
7746175649	gram-negative	more complex walls, less peptidoglycan, outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, often more toxic, more resistant to antibiotics	5
7746175650	capsule	a sticky wall of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes	6
7746175651	slime layer	a capsule that is not well organized	7
7746175652	endospore	under duress, a cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough, multilayered structure. When dehydrated, they can cease metabolism and resume it when conditions are more favorable.	8
7746175653	fimbriae	hairlike appendages that stick some prokaryotes to a substrate	9
7746175654	pili	appendages that pull two cells together before DNA transfer	10
7746175655	taxis	a directed movement toward or away a stimulus	11
7746175656	flagella	an appendage that allows taxis, analogous across prokaryotes and eukaryotes	12
7746175657	exaptation	the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modifications	13
7746175658	nucleoid	a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane that contains the chromosome of a prokaryote	14
7746175659	plasmids	rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that carry only a few genes	15
7746175660	binary fission	a reproductive process in prokaryotes that consists of a cell dividing into two.	16
7746175661	key features of prokaryotes	small, binary fission, short generation times	17
7746175662	genetic recombination	the rearrangement of DNA from two different sources that result in increased genetic diversity. Accomplished by conjugation, transformation, and transduction	18
7746175663	horizontal gene transfer	when genetic recombination occurs between members of different species	19
7746175664	transformation	the genotype and possible phenotype of a prokaryotic cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings	20
7746175665	Transduction	the transfer of prokaryotic genes from a host cell to another via a phage or virus. Sometimes results in increased genetic diversity	21
7746175666	conjugation	two prokaryotic cells of usually the same species temporarily join and exchange genetic information.	22
7746175667	F factor	f for fertility, the presence of a particular piece of DNA that allows conjugation. Can occur in a plasmid or in a chromosome.	23
7746175668	R plasmids	plasmids that grant resistance to antibiotics to a cell	24
7746175669	phototrophs	organisms that gain energy from light	25
7746175670	chemotrophs	organisms that gain energy from chemicals	26
7746175671	autotrophs	organisms that gain energy from carbon	27
7746175672	heterotrophs	organisms that require at least one organic nutrient	28
7746175673	obligate aerobes	must use O2 for cellular respiration	29
7746175674	obligate anaerobes	are poisoned by O2	30
7746175675	anaerobic respiration	use substance other than O2 to accept electrons	31
7746175676	Faculative anaerobes	can use O2 but can use other processes.	32
7746175677	nitrogen fixation	the process of converting N2, atmospheric nitrogen, to Ammonia NH3	33
7746175678	heterocysts	cells in a community that carry out only nitrogen fixation while the rest carry out photosynthesis	34
7746175679	biofilms	surface coating colonies of bacteria that secrete signaling molecules that allow the group to form an aggregate.	35
7746175680	Archea	a domain that split off of bacteria due to fundamental DNA differences. Share some traits with Bacteria and some with eukaryotes	36
7746175681	Alpha Proteobacteria	associated with symbiotic life cycles providing nitrogen fixation for plants	37
7746175682	Beta Proteobacteria	associated with oxidizing ammonia to produce nitrate	38
7746175683	Gamma Proteobacteria	associated for oxidizing H2S for energy	39
7746175684	Delta Proteobacteria	associated with slime-secreting myxobacteria	40
7746175685	Epsilon Proteobacteria	associated with pathogenic behavior	41
7746175686	Chlamydias	gram-negative, lack peptidoglycan, parasitical	42
7746175687	Spirochaetes	gram-negative, heterotophic, free-living or parasitical	43
7746175688	Cyanobacteria	gram-negative, photoautotrophic, plantlike photosynthesis, some specialized nitrogen fixers, produce atmospheric O2	44
7746175689	Gram-Positive Bacteria	Stains purple. Thick peptidoglycan layer. Much smaller volume of periplasma than the other gram- bacteria.	45
7746175690	extremophiles	organisms that can survive and thrive in extreme conditions	46
7746175691	extreme halophiles	organisms that thrive in highly saline environments	47
7746175692	Extreme thermophiles	organisms that thrive in very high temperature environments	48
7746175693	methanogens	Organisms that produce methane as a byproduct of an energy yielding oxygen of CO2 with H2	49
7746175694	A comparison of the three domains of life		50
7746175695	decomposers	organisms that break down dead organisms as well as waste products.	51
7746175696	host	the larger of the symbiotic species	52
7746175697	symbiont	the smaller of the symbiotic species	53
7746175698	exotoxins	proteins secreted by bacteria that damage the host	54
7746175699	endotoxins	part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. only released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down	55