AP World History- Must Know People Flashcards

Credit to proprofs.com

4429842338	Hammurabi	King of Babylonia that extended empire to Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's code was one of the 1st ever written code of law (eye for an eye)	0
4429842339	Abraham	"Father" of monotheism and of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.	1
4429842340	Moses	Prominent prophet in Judaism, credited for Mosaic Law - basis of many belief systems and juriprudence.	2
4429842341	Buddha	Also known ad Siddhartha Gautama was the Hindu founder of Buddhism and the first to be enlightened, taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.	3
4429842342	Confucious	Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; developed the traditional Chinese ideology of Confucianism whose teachers and philosophy have influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwannese, and Vietnamese thought and life; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men which emphasized correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity.	4
4429842343	Laozi	Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao, "the way."	5
4429842344	Socrates	Athenian philosopher that constantly questioned things and encouraged pursuit of wisdom urged rational reflection of moral decisions.	6
4429842345	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; tutor of Alexander the Great; believed knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. felt that the ideal life was one of contemplation.	7
4429842346	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia and conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and part of northwest India; spread Greek culture and learning across Empire	8
4429842347	Shi Huang Di/ Qin Shihuangdi	Emperor of China, Founder of the brief Qin dynasty, that ruthlessly unified the warring states and introduced legalism. Aided China by standardizing measurements, language, etc. throughout China. He started building the Great Wall of China.	9
4429842348	Ashoka	Ruler of India (Mauryan Empire); completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire; espoused religious toleration and non-violence.	10
4429842349	Jesus of Nazareth	Jewish prophet and teacher, was persecuted and crucified, believed to be the Messiah in Christianity Christianity grew out of his life and teaching, advocate of the poor .	11
4429842350	Emperor Constantine	300s CE-Roman Emperor,Reunites Roman Empire and establishes Christianity as religion, Edict of Milan = Freedom of Religion	12
4429842351	Justinian	Byzantine emperor/ Eastern Roman noted for his reconquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law, reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture.	13
4429842352	Muhammad	He was a trader, regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God/Allah. Founded the religion of Islam. unified Arab tribes and conquered neighboring lands and spread Islam; death led to power struggle between Sunni and Shi'ites.	14
4429842353	Genghis (Chinggis) Khan	Founder and supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death, consisting of several Eurasian societies. He used battle tactics, psychological warfare, and foreign weapons to conquer land easily. He ruled his territory fairly, protecting the Silk Roads.	15
4429842354	Khubilai Khan	Mongol emperor who ruled over China, founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.	16
4429842355	Marco Polo	A traveler from Venice who visited China during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. He worked for Khan on missions in and around China, recorded his travels which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.	17
4429842356	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan qadi (judge) who traveled all around Dar al Islam "the Islamic world", later recorded his travels and described almost the entirety of the known Muslim world (North and West Africa, Europe, the Middle East, India, SE Asia, and east China). He often criticized foreign Islamic practices.	18
4429842357	Xuanzang	Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China	19
4429842358	Saladin	Kurdish Muslim who led Islamic opposition towards European Crusaders and reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians.	20
4429842359	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the Malian Empire; famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca. During his reign Timbuktu became a center of Muslim culture and scholarship.	21
4429842360	Zheng He	Chinese admiral (and a Muslim and eunuch) a fleet of more than 300 gigantic ships which announced the Chinese naval presence to the Indian Ocean (Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa) but not conquering; voyages were later cut off.	22
4429842361	Pachacuti Inca	Incan emperor who initiated the expansion of the Inca state from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.	23
4429842362	Bartolomeu Dias	First Portuguese explorer to travel around the southern most tip of Africa which opened sea routes between Europe and Asia - and challenged the Muslim dominance of trade with Asia.	24
4429842363	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages for Spain across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.	25
4429842364	Martin Luther	German monk who initiated the Protestant movement and strongly disputed the Catholic church's claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. Excommunicated from Catholic Church and started own branch (Lutheranism) which focused on the faith of individual over works stressed in Catholic church but was not seeking social change.	26
4429842365	Hernan Cortes	Spanish Conquistador that defeated the Aztec Empire with help of native allies.	27
4429842366	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire with help of native allies.	28
4429842367	Akbar	Mughal Emperor who tried to accommodate the Hindu majority of India, despite religious (Muslim) resistance.	29
4429842368	Atahualpa	Last emperor of the Incan Empire (took over after a civil war with his brother), was conquered and killed by Spanish.	30
4429842369	Moctezuma II	Ruler of Tenochititlan during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, had expanded Aztec power over its neighbors; killed during Spanish takeover.	31
4429842370	Queen Elizabeth I	Queen of England who reestablished Protestantism, led the country in defeating the Spanish Armada and expanded England's power overseas; achieved domestic prosperity .	32
4429842371	King Louis XIV	Long-reigning king of France, believed in the divine right of kings (absolute monarchy) and patronage of the arts; expanded French influence in Europe.	33
4429842372	Peter the Great	Russian czar who continued growth of absolutism and conquest in Russia, implemented policies of expansion and modernization/westernization of Russia's culture and economy.	34
4429842373	King Nzinga/ Afonso I	Ruler of Kongo, under him Kongo grew converted to Catholicism, formed Portuguese alliance and participated in the slave trade and later futilely begged for Mercy from the Portuguese slave traders; kingdom fell apart.	35
4429842374	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate - kept Japan unified and free of unwanted Western intrusion.	36
4429842375	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor whose reign was marked by many wars of expansion; had very little religious tolerance, earned resistance of Hindu subjects.	37
4429842376	Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent	Ottoman Emperor who conquered significant Christian territories, reconstructed the legal system & oversaw the golden age.	38
4429842377	Shah Ismail	Founder of the Safavid (Perisan) empire who converted present day Iran from Sunni to Sh'ia Islam and captured Baghdad.	39
4429842378	Shakespeare	...was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon".	40
4429842379	Cervantes	...is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. His major work, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written.	41
4429842380	Sundiata	...was a puissant prince and founder of the Mali Empire. The famous Malian ruler Mansa Musa who made a pilgrimage to Mecca was his grandnephew.	42
4429842381	Napoleon Bonaparte	Highly successful general who seized control of France. Suppressed the democratic elements of the revolution and conquered many parts of Europe spreading ideas of social equality, Russian and British resistance brought down this revolution.	43
4429842382	Adam Smith	Scottish Professor who formulated laws that explained the operation of the economy and advanced the idea that free markets thrive on the basis of mutual self-interest and without government regulation.	44
4429842383	John Stuart Mill	...was the leading English political philosopher of the middle and late nineteenth century. His writings on individual freedom, most notably the essay "On Liberty" (1859), have had a profound influence on U.S. Constitutional Law.	45
4429842384	Prince von Metternich	Austrian politician who was an important diplomat during the Congress of Vienna; was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments. He opposed liberal ideas and revolutionary movements.	46
4429842385	Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels	German philosophers who together wrote the Communist Manifesto; Felt history was defined by a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of a social revolution to create proletarian dictatorships (socialism then communism).	47
4429842386	Commodore Perry	American who compelled the opening of isolationist Japan to the US.	48
4429842387	Simon Bolivar	Venezuelan Creole military leader during the time of their revolutions, played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain, dreams of a unified Latin America (Gran Colombia) were unfulfilled.	49
4429842388	Abraham Lincoln	US President who started the Civil war to preserve the Union and signed the Emancipation Proclamation.	50
4429842389	Porfirio Diaz	President and dictator of Mexico who marked the country with internal stability, modernization, and economic growth. He was conservative and grew unpopular due to repression and political continuity. He lost power through the Mexican Revolution.	51
4429842390	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamlukes, established mastery of all Egypt successfully challenging Ottoman rule; introduced effective army based on western tactics.	52
4429842391	Cecil Rhodes	English businessman, desired an English colony from Cape to Coast in Africa, founder of Rhodesia.	53
4429842392	Queen Victoria	Queen of the Great Britain and the first Empress of India; reign is known as the Victorian era, which was a time of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress for England.	54
4429842393	King Leopold II	King of Belgium; brutal founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State who used slave labor and torture to extract raw materials to build his personal fortune.	55
4429842394	Alexander II	Liberal and expansionist Russian Czar who made many economic reforms, he emancipated the serfs.	56
4429842395	Voltaire	...was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.	57
4429842396	Jean- Jacques Rousseau	...known as one of the most influential thinkers during the 18th-century European Enlightenment period, was born on June 28, 1712, in Geneva, Switzerland. His first philosophical work, A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, discussed how science and arts had caused the corruption of virtue and morality. Rousseau was also a composer and music theorist.	58
4429842397	John Locke	...Political theorist, said that people had to be controlled by a sovereign so that they would not fall into corruptness, said that people were inherently good, influenced American founding documents	59
4429842398	Baron de Montesquieu	...French lawyer and political philosopher that lived during the age of the Enlightenment. Believed in a three branch government system, with checks and balances, influenced American founding documents	60
4429842399	Mary Wollstonecraft	...was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms	61
4429842400	Olympe de Gouges	...a playwright of some note in France at the time of the Revolution, spoke for not only herself but many of the women of France, when in 1791 she wrote and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen."	62
4429842401	Woodrow Wilson	U.S President who entered WWI championing self-determination. His Fourteen points (including League of Nations) were acclaimed but unsuccessful.	63
4429842402	Ataturk/Mustapha Kemal	Ottoman military leader who also was the founder and first president of the country of Turkey; modernized and secularized Turkey.	64
4429842403	Vladimir I. Lenin	Leader of the Bolsheviks, a small socialist party that came to power during the Russian Revolution of 1917; first head of the Soviet state; worked to create a socialist economic system.	65
4429842404	Joseph Stalin	Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR and had strongly nationalist view of communism; and crushed all opposition. He established a series of disastrous 5 year plans to increase agricultural collectivization and rapid industrial production, led the USSR through WWII and helped start the Cold War.	66
4429842405	Adolf Hitler	Nazi leader of Fascist Germany; created a strongly centralized state in Germany. He wanted to expand Germany (led to WWII) and racially cleanse it (led to Holocaust).	67
4429842406	Mao Zedong/Mao Tse-tung	The leader of the Chinese Communist Party and People's Republic of China (PRC) who had gained power through the peasants (new Communist policy now known as Maoism). Mao turned China into a world military power, created a cult of personality through his "Little Red Book", started the Great Leap Forward (industrialization) and the Cultural Revolution which killed millions.	68
4429842407	Mohandas/Mahatma Gandhi	Political leader and spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain after WWI; he stressed non violent but aggressive protesting and civil disobedience.	69
4429842408	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Muslim Nationalist; originally a member of the national congress party of India and later became the leader of the Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war. He was the first president of Pakistan.	70
4429842409	Kwame Nkrumah	Nationalist leader who brought Ghana to independence with nonviolent protests; was an advocate of Pan-Africanism; became corrupt and autocratical, was overthrown in a military coup (backed by the CIA) and lived out his life in exile.	71
4429842410	Patrice Lumumba	Congolese independence leader and the first legally elected Prime minister of the Republic after independence from Belgium, viewed as too socialist, was imprisoned and murdered with help from the CIA.	72
4429842411	Thich Quang Duc	...was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon road intersection on 11 June 1963. Quang Duc was protesting the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government led by Ngô Đình Diệm.	73
4429842412	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Led the Viet Minh independence movement, defeating the French and then the US and the anti-communist government in South Vietnam.	74
4429842413	Gamal Abdel Nasser	President of Egypt, took over from monarchy of King Farouk, new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt, championed pan-Arab nationalism; nationalized the Suez Canal.	75
4429842414	Fidel Castro	Cuban Marxist revolutionary who overthrew Batista; created socialist state, resisted US invasion and pressure came to depend almost exclusively on the Soviet Union.	76
4429842415	Nikita Kruschev	Led the Soviet Union after Stalin; was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the USSR and several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy, and for attempting to ease relations w/ U.S.	77
4429842416	Deng Xiaoping	Chinese Communist leader who was twice purged from the Communist Party and twice rehabilitated before gaining supreme power in China and led China towards a market economy.	78
4429842417	Agusto Pinochet	...was dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 and Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army from 1973 to 1998.	79
4429842418	Ronald Reagan	...The 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.	80
4429842419	Margaret Thatcher	...The first female prime minister of Britain from 1979 to 1990.	81
4429842420	Yasser Arafat	Palestinian leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ,and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and leader of the Fatah political party; spent most of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination, signed peace treaty with Israel.	82
4429842421	Martin Luther King	...was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968.	83
4429842422	Pablo Picasso	...is probably the most important figure of 20th century, in terms of art, and art movements that occurred over this period. He is most known for his introduction of cubism, and modern approach to painting, which set forth the movements to follow in to the twentieth century.	84
4429842423	Mikhail Gorbachev	Leader of the Soviet Union whose efforts to reform USSR (glasnost - openness and perestrokia - economic restructuring) led to its collapse.	85
4429842424	Ayatollah Khomeini	Iranian religious leader and politician; spiritual leader of the Iranian revolution; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate western influences and establish a pure Islamic government, Supreme leader or Islamic Iranian state.	86
4429842425	Nelson Mandela	Was the leader of the African National Congress (ANC), worked with many leaders of the ANC to dismantle the apartheid system in South Africa and became the first black prime minister of South Africa in 1994 after the ANC won the elections.	87
4429842426	Saddam Hussein	President / dictator of Iraq and leader of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, invaded Iran and Kuwait. Overthrown by the U.S.	88
4429842427	Daw Aung San Suu Kyi	Leader of the peaceful democratic movement in Myanmar (Burma); was elected Prime Minster, not allowed to take office; has been under house arrest.	89
4429842428	Hosni Mubarak	...is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.	90