B&B Chapter 12 Flashcards

6767128461	delusion	a false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence	0
6767130744	schizophrenia	a severe psychopathological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat affect, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior	1
6767142703	positive symptom	in psychiatry, an abnormal behavioral state. Examples include, hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior	2
6767147409	negative symptom	in psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, and blunted affect	3
6767154259	concordance	sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins	4
6767168765	hypofrontality hypothesis	the idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes	5
6767175258	lobotomy	the surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments	6
6767186025	dyskinesia	difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement	7
6767189040	tardive dyskinesia	a disorder associated with typical antipsychotic use, and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face and mouth	8
6767196928	supersensitivity psychosis	an exaggerated "rebound" psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced	9
6767201040	chlorpromazine	an early antisychotic drug that revolutionaized the treatment of schizophrenia	10
6767205562	antipsychotic	any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors	11
6767211726	dopamine hypothesis	the idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dompamine	12
6767218048	typical antipsychotic	an antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors	13
6767224937	atypical antipsychotic	an antipsychotic drug that has primary actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical antipsychotics	14
6767297445	clozapin	an atypical antipsychotic	15
6767297467	phencyclidine (PCP)	an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. ______ makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment	16
6767304642	psychotomimetic	a drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia	17
6767307455	ketamine	a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist	18
6767312355	glutamate hypothesis	the idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors	19
6767341716	depression	a psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating	20
6767350856	electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)	a last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression, in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure	21
6767380006	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	a noninvasive treatment in which repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp	22
6767386782	monoamine oxidase (MAO)	an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating monoamine transmitters	23
6767392668	selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)	an antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses	24
6767396107	meta-analysis	a type of quantitative review of a field of research, in which the results of multiple previous studies are combined in order to identify overall patterns that are consistent across studies	25
6767406388	cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)	Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings	26
6767410464	deep brain stimulation (DBS)	Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain	27
6767414155	postpartum depression	a bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth	28
6767418330	learned helplessness	a learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions	29
6767436060	bipolar disorder	a psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods	30
6767440402	lithium	an element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder	31
6767445965	anxiety disorder	any of a class of psychological disorders that includes recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder	32
6767451468	benzodiazepine	any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium)	33
6767458496	anxiolytic	a substance that is used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benxodiazepines	34
6767466949	posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim	35
6767470378	fear conditioning	a form of classical conditioning in which fear comes to be associated with previously neutral stimuli	36
6767474810	obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	an anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop	37
6767487508	tourette's syndrome	a disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics	38