AP Human Geography - Agriculture Flashcards

9035467128	What is agriculture?	tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel	0
9035467129	What are primary economic activities? (give examples)	extraction of valuable products from earth ex. agriculture, ranching, hunting & gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying	1
9035467130	What are secondary economic activities? (give examples)	manufacturing a primary product into something else ex. toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, buildings	2
9035467131	What are tertiary economic activities?	service industries that connect consumers to producers, like trade	3
9035467132	What are quaternary economic activities?	exchange of information, money, or goods	4
9035467133	What are quinary economic activites?	exchange of information, money, or goods in research or higher education	5
9035467134	True or false: Farm size tends to be larger in developed countries	true	6
9035467135	True or false: Average farm size in the United States has been decreasing regardless of the kind of agricultural goods produced.	false	7
9035467136	True or false: In MDCs, relatively few people work in agriculture	true	8
9035467137	True or false: In LDCs, a majority of people are in agriculture	true	9
9035467138	In the US, less than ___ % of the workforce is involved in agriculture	2	10
9035467139	True or false: Both agricultural production and the labor force in the US are at an all-time high	false	11
9035467140	Why are a small number of farmers in MDCs able to feed large numbers of people?	machinery - tractors, cultivators, milking machines, etc.	12
9035467141	True or false: Transportation systems, fertilizers, herbicides, advanced plant and animal breeding programs, and electronic monitoring of crops are important in agriculture	true	13
9035467142	4 major issues that affect food security worldwide?	1. balancing production and consumption 2. conversions of agricultural land to urban land 3. increasing energy-intensive food production with limited fossil fuel resources 4. using food crops for biofuel	14
9035467143	Thomas Malthus theory	projected that population growth would outpace food supply	15
9035467144	Boserup hypothesis	agricultural production can accommodate increasing population through new agricultural innovations, which will allow to produce more food for more people	16
9035467145	How does Boserup oppose Malthus' theory?	Boserup believed in agricultural innovations for a growing world population, while Malthus believed that food supply would eventually run out	17
9035467146	Describe hunter-gatherer societies	small groups low population density limited material culture nomadic (no permanent settlements)	18
9035467147	True or false: Hunter-gatherer group sizes vary according to climate and resource availability	true	19
9035467148	How many hunter-gatherers are in the world today?	1/4 million people (0.005% of world population)	20
9035467149	What were the first tools used in hunting?	simple clubs (tree limbs thin on one end and thick and heavy on the other)	21
9035467150	What helped make spears more effective for hunting?	use of bone and stone	22
9035467151	In what ways have mechanization and efficiencies led to a decrease in the number of workers in the U.S. agricultural production?	increased use of more machines = less people needed to work on the land	23
9035467152	What tools did humans use to fish?	harpoons, hooks, and baskets	24
9035467153	Carl Sauer theory	experiments needed to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in many places, not just grasslands or river valleys	25
9035467154	Where did Sauer suggest first tropical plant domestication occurred 14,000 years ago?	Southeast and South Asia	26
9035467155	What are root crops?	crops that are reproduced by cultivating the roots or cuttings from the plants	27
9035467156	What are seed crops?	plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds	28
9035467157	Examples of root crops	beets, carrots, potatoes, turnips	29
9035467158	Examples of seed crops	grains, lentils, dates	30
9035467159	Cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning of the ___________________	first agricultural revolution	31
9035467160	First domestication of seed plants 10,000 years ago took place where?	Fertile Crescent	32
9035467161	Examples of crops and animals domesticated in Near East	animals - sheep, goats plants - wheat, barley	33
9035467162	Demographic and social changes from first agricultural revolution	- division of labor - more people settled into villages - permanent structures built - development of religion, focus on fertility	34
9035467163	Gigantism in plants (aka artificial selection)	- making bigger seeds to produce more fruit - loss of seed dispersal mechanism - loss of bitter/toxic substances - loss of anti-predator mechanisms	35
9035467164	Animal domestication began as early as _________ years ago	8,000	36
9035467165	Advantages of animal domestication	- use of beasts as burden - source of food (meat and milk)	37
9035467166	The 5 important domesticated mammals	cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse	38
9035467167	Define subsistence agriculture	growing only enough food to survive	39
9035467168	What kind of agriculture was the norm throughout most of human history?	subsistence agriculture	40
9035467169	Why do groups of people practice subsistence agriculture?	farmers felt production for the global market has not benefited them financially or culturally	41
9035467170	Shifting cultivation and its importance on society	farmers migrate to search for new lands after their plots of land become infertile, but causes more deforestation and destroys more natural resources	42
9035467171	Define slash-and-burn agriculture	farmers use tools (machetes and knives) to slash down trees and tall vegetation, then burn vegetation on the ground	43
9035467172	Where does slash-and-burn agriculture usually occur in?	humid, low-latitude climates (South America, Sub-Saharan, Africa, and Southeast Asia)	44
9035467173	Define pastoral nomadism	herding domesticated animals; migratory farming; trading animal products for food	45
9035467174	Where does pastoral nomadism usually occur?	dry climates (North Africa, Middle East, North and West China)	46
9035467175	True or false: Intensive subsistence agriculture includes large plots of lands, wasted land, lots of machinery used	false	47
9035467176	What significant changes were seen during the second agricultural revolution?	invention of new technology that helped improve irrigation, fertilizers, artificial feeds, advances in breeding livestock	48
9035467177	Purpose of the four-field rotation?	maintains fertility of land	49
9035467178	Von Thunen model	producing the most cost-effective product for the market based on cost of transportation, land, and profit	50
9035467179	True or false: As you get closer to a city, the price of land increases	true	51
9035467180	4 rings of Von Thunen model	first ring - market gardening and dairy second ring - forest/lumber third ring - extensive field crops fourth ring - ranching, livestock, grazing	52
9035467181	Von Thunen model assumptions	- isolated state - surrounded by unoccupied wilderness - no rivers or mountains; completely flat - no roads - soil quality and climate are consistent - farmers work to maximize profits	53
9035467182	Pros and cons of Green Revolution	Pros: - increased food production and food supply; saved millions of lives - improvements in productivity - fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, farm machinery and better plants Cons: - GMO criticisms - reduced organic matter in soil due to herbicides and pesticides - machinery too expensive - pollution - inducing climate change	54
9035467183	GMOs found in ___ % of all processed foods in the United States	75	55
9035467184	Define genetic engineering	technological improvements on biological systems to make or enhance specific agricultural goods or food production	56
9035467185	True or false: Shifts from subsistence to commercial agriculture did not have dramatic impacts on rural life	false	57
9035467186	Subsistence farming is common where?	Africa, Middle America, tropical South America, parts of Southeast Asia	58
9035467187	How has the impact of colonialism changed subsistence farming?	- European powers sought to end subsistence farming - integrating farmers into colonial systems of production and exchange - demand farmers to pay taxes - colonial powers would conduct soil surveys, build irrigation systems, and establish lending agencies that provide loans to farmers	59
9035467188	Cadastral system	method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined	60
9035467189	Rectangular survey system	- exists throughout most of US - appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields	61
9035467190	Township-and-range system	spaced farms and divided by sections, half sections or quarter sections; dispersed in a grid pattern	62
9035467191	Primogeniture	German practice that all land passes to the eldest son	63
9035467192	True or false: In a township-and-range system, north-south lines are principal meridians and east-west lines are base lines	true	64
9035467193	Each township is divided into ____ sections, each of which is 1 mile x 1 mile	36	65
9035467194	Long-lot survey system	divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals; clustered (French) ex. Hermitage, Louisiana (Mississippi River); Quebec, Canada (St. Lawrence River)	66
9035467195	Metes and bounds survey	natural features used to demarcate (set boundaries) irregular parcels of land; dispersed (English) ex. Middle Atlantic and Southern colonies	67
9035467196	True or false: In a dispersed settlement pattern, individual farmhouses lie far apart and land is intensely cultivated by machines	true	68
9035467197	Describe nucleated settlements	- close proximity (2 types: circular or linear) - centered around a common area - ex. Colonial New England	69
9035467198	5 types of villages	1. linear village - located on dikes and leeves; found in low-lying areas of Western Europe 2. cluster village - began by an intersection of 2 roads, everything built around it 3. round village/rundling - first used in Eastern Europe and then modified by Germans 4. wailed village - used for protection 5. grid village - more modern	70
9035467199	True or false: The primary functions of farm villages are to build new machines and hire less labor	false (protection of livestock and storage)	71
9035467200	Monoculture	dependent on a single agricultural commodity; major impact on colonial agriculture	72
9035467201	Koppen climate classification system	classifying the world's climates based on temperature and precipitation	73
9035467202	True or false: The "no dry season" (Af) regions are equatorial rainforest regions	true	74
9035467203	The "short dry season" (Am) climate is known as the _____________ climate	monsoon climate	75
9035467204	BW is ____________ and BS is _____________	desert; steppe	76
9035467205	"Dry summer" (C) climates are known as the ________________ climates	Mediterranean climates	77
9035467206	Where are polar climates found?	in tundra climates	78
9035467207	Purpose of plantation agriculture	cash crops	79
9035467208	Which 3 cash crops does Latin America specialize in?	coffee, sugarcane, bananas	80
9035467209	Which 2 cash crops does Asia specialize in?	rubber and palm oil	81
9035467210	What is livestock ranching?	raising of domesticated animals for meat, as well as byproducts such as leather and wool	82
9035467211	True or false: Animals produce manure used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops	true	83
9035467212	In what climates does grain farming occur?	dry or warm mid-latitude climates	84
9035467213	Products of grain farming	wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley	85
9035467214	Top producers of grain farming	China and India	86
9035467215	Where does commercial gardening occur?	in humid climate, with access to markets	87
9035467216	True or false: Because of high demand for drugs, farmers find it more profitable to grow poppy, cocoa, or marijuana than food crops	true	88
9035467217	True or false: Mexicans control 8 out of the 13 largest drug markets in the US	false (11)	89
9035467218	Informal agriculture	millions of people cultivate small plots of land in their backyards for domestic consumption or to trade with others	90
9035467219	Benefits of urban agriculture	- don't need a lot of land - fewer fertilizers - could employ more people - little/no transportation costs	91
9035467220	Disadvantages of urban agriculture	- need new technologies - fewer machines = more labor intensive - limited crops	92
9035467221	Which regions in the world have been badly overfished?	North Atlantic and East China Sea	93
9035467222	What is the main cash crop in the US?	cotton	94
9035467223	Examples of luxury crops	coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, flowers	95
9035467224	Define agribusiness	businesses that provide vast array of goods and services to support agricultural industry	96
9035467225	Feedlots	plots of land which livestock fattened for market	97
9035467226	Ag-Gag Bills	limits/prohibits taking pictures or videos in agribusiness facilities	98
9035467227	Environmental impacts of commercial agriculture	1. overfishing, land clearing, deforestation 2. overuse of fertilizers and pesticides that will erode soil over time 3. ecological degradation and desertification 4. increase in organic farming	99
9035467228	Challenge of feeding everyone	- 1 billion people are malnourished - inadequate distribution systems - widespread poverty - fertile lands converted to housing and retail developments - commercial agriculture converted into regions for 2nd houses - population growth and loss of agricultural land = increase in food prices - food deserts	100