AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards

8840632555	Bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.	0
8840637233	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	1
8840643809	Condorcet and the Idea of Progress	The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason.	2
8840649584	Copernicus, Nicolaus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.	3
8840653544	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.	4
8840657398	Darwin, Charles	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.	5
8840661303	Deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.	6
8840663244	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the the French Wars of Religion	7
8840665787	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.	8
8840671179	Freud, Sigmund	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	9
8840674495	Galilei, Galileo	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.	10
8840677262	Huacas	Local gods of the Andes	11
8840678356	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	12
8840679550	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	13
8840700145	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	14
8840709005	Luther, Martin	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	15
8840714820	Marx, Karl	German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism	16
8840718847	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition	17
8840720539	Nanak, Guru	The founder of Sikhism (1469-1539)	18
8840729638	Newton, Isaac	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	19
8840737872	Ninety-five Theses	List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity	20
8840749854	Protestant Revolution	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	21
8840757494	Ricci, Matteo	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610	22
8840764632	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	23
8840766445	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	24
8840771814	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon began a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe	25
8840788690	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560's whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age	26
8840794159	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)	27
8840812481	Voltaire	Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion	28
8840815785	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia	29
8840819194	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30