AP World History Period 3 Part 1 (Target Focus Muslims) Flashcards

6726810203	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
6726811791	Shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children	1
6726816422	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	2
6726823468	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	3
6726830083	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	4
6726833189	Muhammad	Prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh(570-632)	5
6726839099	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	6
6726844693	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	7
6726850763	Zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims	8
6726854298	Five Pillars	obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	9
6726858345	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	10
6726863554	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	11
6726866633	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	12
6726871106	Ridda	following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam	13
6726877294	Jihad	Islamic holy war	14
6726886162	Mu'awiya	non-Arab converts to Islam	15
6727004786	Jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands	16
6727008019	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	17
6727017195	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	18
6727020748	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	19
6727024632	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	20
6727028399	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	21
6727213906	Ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids	22
6727218018	Al-Mahdi	3rd Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem	23
6727221774	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights	24
6727224755	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad	25
6727228392	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	26
6727233231	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	27
6727609122	Salah-ud-Din	Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms	28
6727612182	Ibn Khaldun	great Muslim historian; author The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynasty history	29
6727613817	Al-Razi	classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral	30
6727618290	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for conservative & restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	31
6727621443	Al-Ghazali	brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions	32
6727625629	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	33
6727628819	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	34
6727635551	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	35
6727655392	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	36
6727655393	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire	37