AP Language Terms Flashcards

7617230495	segregating/short	short uncomplicated sentences	0
7617309979	freight-train	couples short independent clauses to make longer sequential statements	1
7617337699	parataxis	independent clauses butted together without conjunctions and using semicolons or commas	2
7617397564	triadic	a freight train sentence composed in three units	3
7617405142	cumulative	initial independent clause followed by subordinate constructions that accumulate detail about the person, place, event, or idea	4
7617425418	parallelism	two or more words or constructions that stand in identical grammatical relationship to the same thing	5
7617436683	balanced	consists of two parts roughly equivalent in length and significance and divided by a pause; may repeat the same idea, show cause and effect, precedence and sub sequence, or any other relationship	6
7617479439	loose	main clause comes first followed by the subordinate clauses and phrases	7
7617569636	periodic	the subordinate constructions precede the main clause, which closes the sentence	8
7617569637	convoluted	the main clause is split in two; the subordinate constructions intrude between the parts of the main clause	9
7617845659	centered	the main clause occupies the middle of the sentence and is both preceded and followed by subordinate constructions	10
7617904439	fragment	a single word, phrase, or dependent clause standing alone as a sentence	11
7617913865	logos	employs logical reasoning	12
7617920075	ethos	establishes credibility	13
7617924083	pathos	plays on the reader's emotions and interests	14
7617929686	active voice	the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts (The dog bit the boy)	15
7617943487	passive voice	the subject receives the action expressed in the verb; the subject is acted upon (The boy was bitten by the dog)	16
7617966884	antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite (Though argumentative, he was modest)	17
7617980041	aphorism	a terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle ("Lost time is never found again")	18
7617989197	chiasmus	a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism; two clauses related to each other on a reversal of terms (ask not what your country can do for you-- ask what you can do for your country)	19
7618019666	juxtaposition	placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side	20
7618035180	punctuation	how punctuation affects the meaning of a sentence	21
7618044590	repetition	the duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern	22
7618057910	alliteration	repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in tow or more neighboring words (she sells sea shells by the seashore)	23
7618077325	diction	author's word choices	24
7618082017	abstract	words that signify things that cannot be perceived (honor, generosity, idea, democracy)	25
7618088656	concrete	words that refer to perceptible things (clap of thunder, odor of violets, a rose)	26
7618109384	ambiguity	the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage ("It was a funny affair" funny can mean laughable or strange)	27
7618131667	colloquial/slang	use of informalities in speech or writing; give conversational or familiar tone	28
7618143089	pretentious	using big words for no purpose, except to show off	29
7618151959	cliches	trite expressions, devalued by overuse	30
7618159372	euphemism	less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept; may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement	31
7618180554	jargon	technical language misused	32
7618190328	connotation	the non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning; may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes	33
7618203252	denotation	strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	34
7618220122	formal v. informal/levels of usage	situation in which a word is normally used	35
7618224982	hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	36
7618231208	idiom	combination of words functioning as a unit of meaning ("lend me a hand")	37
7618243353	onomatopoeia	figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words (hum, buzz, crack)	38
7618253781	tone	author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both	39
7618263142	simile	brief comparison, usually introduced by like or as	40
7618287250	metaphor	implied comparison of seemingly unlike things; suggesting some similarity	41
7618321307	personification	describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions	42
7618334440	allusion	a direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly known	43
7618346940	verbal irony	when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning	44
7618356416	situational irony	when the events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen	45
7618370902	dramatic irony	when facts or events are unknown to the character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	46
7618381427	overstatement	exaggeration; hyperbole	47
7618385965	understatement	the ironic minimalizing of a fact; presents something as less significant than it is	48
7618404480	litotes	affirmation is made indirectly by denying its opposite	49
7618412419	meiosis	understatement; belittling	50
7618418605	puns	a word employed in two senses, or a word used in a context that suggests a second term sounding like it	51
7618431137	imagery	sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions	52
7618445706	apostrophe	figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personifies abstraction, such as liberty or love; it is a address to someone or something that cannot answer	53
7618459760	conceit	fanciful expression; usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly objects; displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made	54
7618486340	allegory	device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	55
7618498533	analogy	a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them	56
7618524229	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	57
7618551799	metonymy	substitute name;the name of one onject is substituted for that of another closely associated with it ("white house declared" or "the president declared")	58
7618564320	paradox	a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity ("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times")	59
7618683264	oxymoron	figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox ("cruel kindness"; "jumbo shrimp")	60
7618709656	symbol/symbolism	anything that represents itself and stands for something else	61
7618715858	natural symbol	objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning)	62
7618729236	conventional symbols	those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols, star of David; national symbols, such as flags)	63
7618741574	literary symbols	are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized	64