AP Psychology thinking and language Flashcards

8949712268	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and ccommunicating	0
8949712269	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
8949712270	Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-probe - using heuristics	2
8949712271	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories	3
8949712272	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgment and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	4
8949712273	Insight	A sudden realization of problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
8949712274	Confirmation bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	6
8949712275	Mental set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	7
8949712276	Intuition	An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	8
8949712277	Availability heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	9
8949712278	Over confidence	The tendency to be more confident that correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	10
8949712279	Belief perseverance	Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	11
8949712280	Framing	The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	12
8949712281	Creativity	The ability to produce new and valuable ideas	13
8949712282	Convergent thinking	Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	14
8949712283	Divergent thinking	Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking hat diverges in different directions	15
8949712284	Language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
8949712285	Phoneme	In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
8949712286	Morpheme	In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of one like a prefix	18
8949712287	Grammar	In a language the system of dukes that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences	19
8949712288	Babbling stage	Beginning at around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language	20
8949712289	One-word stage	The stage in speech development from age 1-2 during which a child speaking in mostly single words	21
8949712290	Two-word stage	Beginning about age 2 where speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two words	22
8949712291	Telegraphic speech	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs	23
8949712292	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	24
8949712293	Broca's area	Controls language expression	25
8949712294	Wernicke's area	Controls language reception	26
8949712295	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
8949712296	Aptitude	The ability to learn in the future	28
8949712297	Mental age	A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to the given level of performance. Thus a child who does as well as an average 8 year old said to have the mental age of 8	29
8949712298	Cohort	A group of people sharing a common characteristic	30