AP World History Chapter 19 Vocabulary Latin America Flashcards

6476068726	Ferdinand of Aragon	Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World	0
6476068727	Isabella of Castile	Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World	1
6476068728	encomiendas	Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies	2
6476068729	Caribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here	3
6476068730	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World	4
6476068731	encomendero	The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church	5
6476068732	Bartolomé de Las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights	6
6476068733	Hernán Cortés	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan	7
6476068734	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan	8
6476068735	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan	9
6476068736	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs	10
6476068737	Francisco Vázquez de Coronado	leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold	11
6476068738	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541	12
6476068739	Columbian exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred	13
6476068740	Potosi	Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver	14
6476068741	Huancavelica	Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí	15
6476068742	haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy	16
6476068743	consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return	17
6476068744	galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion	18
6476068745	Treaty of Tordesillas	Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain	19
6476068746	letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions	20
6476068747	Recopilación	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies	21
6476068748	Council of the Indies	Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World	22
6476068749	viceroyalties	Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king	23
6476068750	audiencias	Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates	24
6476068751	Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz	(1651-1695) Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters	25
6476068752	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	26
6476068753	capitaincies	Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony	27
6476068754	Paulistas	Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century	28
6476068755	Minas Gerais	Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush	29
6476068756	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763	30
6476068757	sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle	31
6476068758	peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	32
6476068759	Creoles	Whites born in New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares	33
6476068760	amigos del país	Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform	34
6476068761	War of the Spanish Succession	Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French	35
6476068762	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire	36
6476068763	José de Gálvez	Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government	37
6476068764	Marquis of Pombal	prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy	38
6476068765	Comunero Revolt	One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels	39
6476068766	Tupac Amaru II	(1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	40