AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

2474333228	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE	0
2474335182	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology	1
2474340316	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598	2
2474344206	Muhammad Abduh	Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	3
2474356928	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908	4
2474362579	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	5
2474364747	absolute monarchy	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies	6
2474373064	African National Congress	Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa	7
2474377146	Afrikaner National Party	Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid	8
2474384514	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India	9
2474392787	al-Afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	10
2474395917	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	11
2474399883	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'is to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	12
2474415011	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	13
2474417959	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is	14
2474422752	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848	15
2474428444	Allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	16
2474429402	Salvador Allende	President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of land and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States	17
2474435113	Alliance for Progress	Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention	18
2474442342	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa	19
2474454505	Almoravids	A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain	20
2474463090	Pedro Cabral Alvares	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	21
2474465098	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	22
2474469351	American Civil War	Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South	23
2474474088	American exceptionalism	Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms	24
2474479004	American Revolution	Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America	25
2474484556	amigos del pais	clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform	26
2474489803	anarchists	Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarists autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881	27
2474494320	Anasazi	"The ancient ones"; culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 CE; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs	28
2474498054	Anglican church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce form his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	29
2474508309	Anschluss	Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations	30
2474510735	apartheid	Policy of strict radical segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically	31
2474515906	appeasement	Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939	32
2474521321	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	33
2524898144	Corazon Aquino	First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s; whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator	34
2524911034	arabic numerals	Acutally an Indian system of numerical notation transported by Arabs to West; central to two scientific revolutions	35
2524922677	Aragon	Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; presseed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda	36
2524936968	Juan Jose Arevalo	Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of Socialist reforms including land reform; Naitonalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit company	37
2524944753	Aregentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists	38
2524950111	Asante Empire	Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650	39
2524957975	asantehene	Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool	40
2524963537	Takuaji Ashikaga	Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino	41
2524979945	Asian sea trading network	Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks	42
2524992339	Atlantic Charter of 1941	World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people the choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization	43
2525009414	Atlantic Colonies	British colonies in North America; originally restricted to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean from New England to Georgia	44
2525014179	audiencia	Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates	45
2525026873	Aurangzeb	Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determines to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite mulitary successes; died in 1707	46
2525038468	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	47
2525045302	ayllus	Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, somtimes mythical ancestor	48
2525054289	Aztecs	The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sendentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco	49
2525067815	Babur	Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended form Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530	50
2525076956	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	51
2525082496	Baibars	Commander of Mameluk forces at Ain Jalut; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians	52
2525089232	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succedded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community	53
2525098708	bakufu	Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	54
2525133365	Vasco de Balboa	First Spanish captian to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captians	55
2525147309	Balfour Declaration	British minister's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issued in 1917	56
2525152899	Balkan	Peninsula located in south-eastern Europe, including Macedonia and Greece, plus what became Bulgaria; controlled by Byzantine Empire	57
2525160720	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of cries within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I	58
2525171251	banana republics	Term given to conservative governments supported or created by the United States in Latin America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests	59
2525189166	Bangladesh	Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan	60
2525197520	banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes indentified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty	61
2525208598	Batavia	Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java	62
2525215263	Fulgencio Batista	Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro	63
2525225122	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	64
2525229864	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	65
2525236813	Batu	Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236	66
2525241401	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	67
2525250766	Belgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy	68
2525254606	Belisarius	One of Justinian's most important military commanders during preiod of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in North Africa and in Italy	69
2525271508	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monaticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire	70
2525293342	Benin	City-state formed in the 14th century under Ewuare the Great; control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos. A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast, the city-state came into contact with the Portugese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century	71
2525332708	Berke	Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East	72
2525341578	Berlin Wall	Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was toen down at end of Cold War in 1991	73
2525358226	St. Bernard of Clarivaux	Emphasized role of faith in prefernece to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities	74
2525366672	bhatic cults	Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	75
2525378754	Benazir Bhutto	Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power	76
2525394884	Biafra	Founded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970	77
2525414053	Otto van Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes	78
2525429342	Black death	Plauge the struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced European's population; affected social structure	79
2525438393	Blitzkrieg	German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II	80
2525453097	bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness	81
2525458961	Boer republic	Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s	82
2525476186	Boer War	Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa	83
2525488851	Boers	Dutch settlers in Cape Colony	84
2525491506	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military successs led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia	85
2525502218	Bolshevik Revolution	After intial revolution in March 1917 had set up a liberal regime in Russia, the well-organized Bolshevik faction of the communist party, under Lenin, seized power in November ( October by the Russian calander); the Bolsheviks capitalized on wonder strikes and widespread discontent with Russia's continued participation in World War I; quickly moved to set up a new political and social regime	86
2525523526	Bolsheviks	Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution	87
2525538860	Napoleon Bonaparte	Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815	88
2525558580	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of internetion of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials	89