AP World History Unit 3 Flashcards

5331730751	Third-wave civilizations	-500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. -period of great increase in interactions between the world's regions, cultures, and people -large-scale empire, new technology (yokes, saddles, stirrups), and long-distance trade led to globalization	0
5331751854	silk roads	-formed the most extensive and sustained trade network -largely a relay trade, not a non-stop one -unified Eurasia -most items were luxury goods for the elite -camels, horses, and oxen were often used -silk, spices, and cotton went west -glass, wool, olive oil, gold, and silver went east	1
5331773621	silk	-China had a monopoly on it until the sixth century -Chinese peasants produced silk, paper, or porcelain rather that crops (better profit)	2
5331783639	Buddhism (silk road)	the most popular faith among silk road merchants	3
5331789898	diseases	-smallpox, measles, and Bubbonic plague also spread along the Silk Roads -by the 1500's, this would give Europeans an advantage because they built up immunities	4
5331824487	Venice	center of Mediterranean Sea commerce by 1000	5
5331831380	Indian Ocean	-world's most important region of trade until 1500 -transportation of bulk goods (textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat) was cheaper by sea	6
5331856425	monsoons	-alternating wind currents -made commerce possible -China's revival and the rise of Islam also encouraged trade here	7
5331865513	Southeast Asia	-grew thanks to trade between India and China -gold, spices, and taxes on ships made it wealthy	8
5331880569	Ankkgor Wat	-800-1300 -became wealthy by trading forest goods to China -Indian alphabet, art, political ideas, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread here (Indianization)	9
5331912255	Swahili city-states	-civilization in East Africa that blended Bantu and Muslim culture -each city-state was politically independent -most trade was done by Arab ships -10 million ships were shipped to the Middle East -some Arabs, Persians, and Indians settled here	10
5331936723	Great Zimbabwe	-1250-1350 -flourishing state in Southeastern Africa -made money off of gold and cattle -built massive stone structures with huge walls that they lived in	11
5331949132	West Africa	-developed major trade routes north across the Sahara Desert thanks to camels and the camel saddle -major exports were gold, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves -major import items were salt, horses, cloth, dates, and manufactured goods -men and women had complimentary, not hierarchal relationships -women had important roles in agriculture, weaving, and reproduction	12
5331992452	caravans	some had as many as 5000 camels and hundreds of people	13
5331999349	Ghana, Mali, and Songhai	major west African monarchies	14
5332003917	slaves	most came from the raiding of societies south of west Africa	15
5332008697	100-1400	-5500 slaves a year crossed the Sahara -virtually no interaction existed between the western and eastern hemispheres until 1492	16
5332025982	North America	- a "loosely interactive web" of trade network did exist in Mesoamerica (Mayans and later the Mexica)	17
5332042716	grand canal	built by conscripted laborers to move goods between northern and southern China	18
5332052781	Tang dynasty	-300 year period of stability -military garrisons were built to protect the silk road -China expanded into Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet -Chang'an became a major trading center and the largest city in the world -expansion of textile and porcelain production -"golden age" of art, literature, and poetry -high taxes, and peasant rebellion brought it down	19
5332107658	Song dynasty	-huge centralized government that followed the Tang -population doubles to 120 million by 1200 -return to extreme patriarchy (foot binding among the elite) -Confucianism, ancestor veneration, and the civil service exam also return -developed the world's most powerful navy	20
5332144177	Song innovations	-fast growing rice (Champa) from Vietnam is planted -stylized and symbolic landscape paintings -wood block printing and printing press with movable type are invented -gunpowder and the magnetic compass are invented -encyclopedias and histories are developed -"flying cash" (credit) and paper money	21
5332225485	China and It's Neighbors	-the Chinese called themselves the "Middle Kingdom"and considers outsiders "barbarians" -China's interaction with nomads to the north included trade, military, conflict, extortion, negotiation, and some cultural diffusion -Korea developed a beneficial "tribute relationship" with China, while Vietnam remained hostile (both took on some Chinese culture)	22
5390945192	kowtow	-ritual prostration before China's emperor to show he had control over your land -your country received benefits in return	23
5390952898	Japan	adopted much Chinese culture (Buddhism, writing, art, and technology) but was never conquered by China	24
5390970840	Japanese Social/political class	emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, serfs	25
5390981146	emperor	ceremonial father-figure believed to be the son of the sun goddess	26
5390987358	shogun	military governor with the real power	27
5390989447	daimyo	warrior lords who owned land	28
5390994137	samurai	professional soldiers supported by daiymo (they followed a set of rules called the cod of Bushido)	29
5390998179	serfs in China	peasants who farmed the land	30
5391000527	shinto	ritualistic nature religion that would compete with Buddhism but never completely go away	31
5391006975	China's economy and cultural diffusion	-China's technological innovations spread across Eurasia and stimulated trade and record keeping -paper making it to Europe by the 1200's -printing to Europe by the 1400's (resisted by the Islamic world) -gunpowder to Europe by 1000. China received economic benefits for sharing these innovations -sugar and cotton cultivation from India -growth in Indian Ocean trade -greater desire for technological creativity -settlement of foreign merchants. By the 800's, a backlash against foreigners was occurring -massive massacre of foreigners in Canton in 870	32
5391073274	Buddhism in china	-it took hold during the Tang and Song dynasties via the Silk Roads -was intellectual, had high moral standards -promised salvation and was comforting -it stressed printing sacred texts -it took on elements of Chinese culture (SYNCRETISM) -many Chinese came to criticize it later (it was foreign, Buddhist monks became wealthy and did not pay taxes)	33
5391093475	Neo-confucianism	-a return to Confucian values (family, social order) with an obvious influence of Buddhism (nature of the human soul) -they hoped it would limit "foreign" influence -it would spread into East Asia	34
5391106885	arabs	-polytheistic traders in the Arabian peninsula -lived in separate, loyal tribal groups who were often at war with one another	35
5391117269	Muhammad	-Arabian merchant who founded the religion of Islam -would have a spiritual experience in a cave -became recognized as the "final prophet" of the one "true god" Allah (the same god revered by Jews and Christians)	36
5391129057	Quran	-written compilation of Muhammad's revelations from Allah -it was a poem that was critical of wealth, exploitation of the poor, abuse of women, and the neglect of widows and orphans	37
5391138909	Mecca	home to the Ka'ba, a polytheistic Arab shine	38
5391143852	Medina	city Muhammad moved to in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca (the Hijra, or migration)	39
5391149050	umma	his followers who will help him attack Mecca in 639 and turn Islam into a "universal" religion open to anyone	40
5391154405	hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba that all Muslims are expected to take at least once in their life	41
5391158360	632	most of Arabia was now a Muslim state on its way to becoming an empire	42
5391164790	Jesus, Buddha, Muhhammad	-unlike Jesus and Buddha, Muhammad was also a military and political leader -Islam differed from Buddhism and Christianity because it spread much more quickly (through military conquest, trade, tolerance, and missionary activity)	43
5391167570	Jihad	the "struggle" to fight against evil, greed, and (later) unbelievers	44
5391194857	dar al-Islam	-the Islamic empire that stretched from Spain to India -one of the largest and most influential third-wave civilizations	45
5391204697	Reasons for expansion	-Muslim armies wanted to capture trade routes and agricultural areas -individual Arabs wanted wealth -conquest held the Umma together -Muslims wanted to bring a righteous government to the conquered -Muslims were tolerant of Jews and Christians (Dhimmis or "people of the book" who were still second-class citizens)	46
5391224654	jizya	a tax non-Muslims had to pay to continue their religious practices	47
5391233810	Persia	-80% of the people there converted -their culture would influence Islam greatly	48
5391245842	Islam culture and language	People in Egypt, North Africa, and Iraq converted to both Islam and Arabic culture and language -not everyone accepted conversion (Berber tribes in North Africa, Spanish Christians)	49
5391256500	theocracy	government ruled by leaders who believe they are divinely guided	50
5391259174	caliph	head of the Islamic state after Muhammad died	51
5391261505	Shia (Shiite)	minority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad	52
5391267251	Sunni	majority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be chosen by the Islamic community -the religious conflict between them started as political and became religious	53
5391273675	Abassid dynasty	similar to Persian and Roman empires (bureaucracy, wealth, center of learning) (STABLE)	54
5391281766	sufis	missionaries who spread Islam to Southern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia	55
5391294703	women in Islam	many rights were given to them by the quran (equal to men in the eyes of Allah, could own property and have money, no female infanticide) -this changed when Islam expanded into Persia (veiling, household seclusion among the upper class)	56
5391368935	hadiths	traditions about Muhammad that developed negative images of women	57
5391373767	5 pillars of Islam	obligations that bind all Muslims together	58
5391376305	Shuria	laws that regulated every aspect of a Muslim's life	59
5391378819	ulama	judges and interpreters who teach and transmit the faith	60
5391381076	madrassas	schools for higher learning	61
5391382748	Islamic Empire	-the Islamic empire became a zone of commerce and communication -specialized in agriculture (sugar, coffee, citrus fruits) -manufactured paper (learned how from the Chinese) -made use of Roman and Persian roads -Lateen sail and Astrolobe helped in sailing -banking (loans and checks) -wrote the first extensive medical encyclopedia and opened the first pharmacies -developed Hindi (known as Arabic) numerals and algebra -had high respect for Greek and Persian culture -helped preserve it for later European rediscovery (renaissance, enlightenment) -limited use of imagery in art and architecture (used calligraphy and geometry instead)	62
5391614060	Byzantine empire	-the old Roman empire that would last 1000 more years (falls in 1453) -wealthy and urbanized -located at crossroads of Europe and Asia -continued using Roman infrastructure -strong army, navy, and merchant marine -a secret weapon called "Greek Fire" gave them a huge military advantage	63
5391641747	Constantinople	-the highly defensible capital city called "the New Rome" -entertainment and sport took place at the Hippodrome	64
5391651918	Justinian	-emperor who built the Church of Hagia Sophia, developed a law code, and made Greek the official language of the empire -he tried, but failed to conquer western Europe	65
5391670086	Caesaropapism	-the church was tied to the state -the state had the final word on matters	66
5391677293	Patriarch of Constantinople	-the religious leader of the Byzantine empire -differences existed between byzantine church and the Roman catholic church in Rome. -Jesus' humanity, the use of icons (painting of religious figures), celibacy for priests, and the power of the pope	67
5391718245	1054	-the great schism -byzantine eastern orthodox church permanently separates from Rome when the pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other -first major break in Christianity ***Eastern orthodox Christianity would spread along trade routes into Russia -Moscow would be called "the third Rome" after Muslims capture Constantinople in 1453	68
5391760288	500-1500 CE	-known as the "middle ages" in western Europe, it was a time of isolation and small-scale warfare -western Europe was far removed from trade routes -geography made political unity different -the pope and the Roman catholic church were the only unifying power	69
5391770838	Franks	-Germanic invaders who shifted the "center" of Europe from Italy to France -they adopted much from the Roman empire	70
5391778939	Charlemagne	-king of the Franks who established short-term centralized rule and made connections with the Roman catholic church -he became the "holy Roman emperor", the political power of the Roman Catholic church -the pope would retain the religious power	71
5391792062	Vikings	-nomadic mariners and traders living in Scandonavia -they would attack European towns and monasteries -made use of small, maneuverable boats -would eventually convert to Christianity	72
5391820836	England	-kings built fortresses and a navy to stop the Vikings -their efforts would create an "English" identity	73
5391829542	Holy Roman Empire	-confederation of German states, Belgium, Northern Italy, and eastern France -a "German identity" was being created	74
5391842507	feudalism	system in Europe in which land is given by a lord to vassals (knights) in return for military service	75
5391849975	primogeniture	passing down of a lord's land and power to his eldest son	76
5391853084	serfs	-people (not fully free, not fully slaves) who cultivated land for a lord, gave him gifts, and paid taxes -the lord gave them protection and their own land (which they could not leave)	77
5391876731	manor	-large, usually self-sufficient estates owned by a lord (included a castle, churches, fields, meadows, forests, and a river or lake) -the moldboard plow, horse collar, and watermills freed humans and animals for other work	78
5391890619	1000	an end to the spread of disease and an agricultural surplus increased population	79
5391896123	towns	they became economic gathering places	80
5391903877	*The Roman catholic church became THE unifying authority*	it owned 1/3 of all property by 1200 and was the only way to heaven	81
5391915613	monasteries	-they often owned large amounts of land -helped expand agriculture by organizing labor -provided social services (like Buddhists) became centers of learning that were "Euro-centered", not worldly -monks hand-copied classical Greek and Roman texts and knowledge	82
5391944234	western Europe changed greatly from 1000-1300	-population increased greatly due to improved farming (horseshoes, better horse collars, crop rotation) -powerful leaders (church and secular) created regional states	83
5391952069	lay investiture	-kings and vassals often appointed friends and relatives to loyal positions in the church (like bishops) -erodes the power of the church	84
5391959186	William the Conqueror	-Norman (French) dike who invaded (and defeated) England in 1066 -set up an efficient, centralized administration	85
5391967705	Magna Carta	-1215 -it forces the king of England (king John) to follow the law, it gave certain rights to nobles and it created the British Parliment	86
5391991047	Italy	cities there became powerful through trade	87
5391993732	towns and cities	-trading centers that benefited common people -towns people benefited most (carters freed them from their feudal obligation) -banks, credit, and investments were available -men went from being warriors to "providers" -urban women worked outside the home and became economically equal to men -guilds set prices and standards	88
5392023259	Hanseatic league	collection of city-states in northern Europe that established common trade practices and a monopoly on trade	89
5392034030	3 estates	classes of medieval Europe (those who pray, fight, and work)	90
5392039906	code of chivalry	-governed the manners and actions of knights -required respect for the Christian faith and women	91
5392045849	Roman catholic church	dominated everyone's lives	92
5392048262	cathedrals	massive, expensive, churches designed to bring worshipers closer to God	93
5392061787	Gothic architecture	used "flying buttresses" to support tall windows and vaulted ceilings	94
5392067837	Cathedral schools	founded to create scholars and educated workers	95
5392070916	universities	gave degrees in medicine, law and theology to the elite	96
5392076008	Thomas Aquinas	Christian who wrote that reason (thinking) and faith were both gifts from God	97
5392080964	commoners	-they led simple lives -most remained illiterate and uneducated -venerated saints, relics, and the Virgin Mary	98
5392090774	pilgrimages	trips to churches to see relics	99
5392093035	monks	founded orders that preached messages of simple faith	100
5392099077	1200	the western half of Christendom was on the rise while the Byzantine empire was declining	101
5392102659	heresies	religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to traditional church doctrine	102
5392113481	crusades	western Christian (Roman catholic) attempt to conquer the holy lands of the Bible from the Muslims and convert whole populations (including Jews and Eastern Orthodox Christains	103
5392134271	results of the crusades	-western Christians lost almost all of them -the Byzantine empire was greatly weakened (western Christians sacked Constantinople in 1204) -increased European exposure to Muslims philosophy, theology, science, and math -increased Muslim interaction with classical Greek thought (which they would later reject) -encouraged Europeans to trade with Muslims -connected Europe to the trade market of the eastern hemisphere (especially China)	104
5392167136	reconquista	-the forced conversion to Muslims in Spain to Roman Catholocism -many other Muslims and Jews were driven out of Spain or killed -Christian communities in Africa and Arabia will whither away by 1300, making Europe the only "Christian" region	105
5392200303	pastoralists	-different groups of nomads from central Asia -they herded over large grazing areas and subsisted on animal products -horses and camels were the backbone of their military success -they diffused weapons and modes of transportation that changed warfare forever -state-building was difficult (small number of people spread out over a large area)	106
5436891634	nobility	attained through personal achievement and charisma	107
5436895292	pastoral women	they had status and power (some even fought in battles)	108
5436902527	Xiongnu	early nomadic "state" north of China	109
5436906600	Turks	nomads who would convert to Islam and invade India and Arabia	110
5436910379	Sultan	title given to Muslim Turk leaders	111
5436920267	Delhi Sultanate	-Islamic kingdom in Northern India that would be set up after the Turks violently invaded it in the 700's -Hindus converted to Islam, were driven into southern India, or were killed	112
5436932901	Almoravid Empire	nomadic empire in northwestern Africa created by Berbers in the 1000's	113
5436937501	1453	Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, turn it into a Muslim city, and end the Byzantine Empire	114
5436944641	Mongols	-greatest land-based empire in history -they made world trade, cultural diffusion, and awareness of others grow like never before -connected by Europe, China, and the Islamic world -always outnumbered by enemies -exploited people but did not force their culture onto others -would eventually become absorbed into many of the cultures they conquered	115
5436979030	Chinggis Khan	-clan leader whose personality and ability to forge alliances allowed him to unite feudal mongol tribes -along with his sons and grandsons, he conquered China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the middle east, and parts of Eastern Europe -Calvary, mobility, and psychological warfare made him successful -aided by good luck and timing -hoped to unite the entire world -his empire broke into 4 hordes (empires) after his death	116
5437008490	China and the Mongols	-the mongol Kublai Khan created the Yuan dynasty there -convinced the Chinese he had been granted the Mandate of Heaven -active in culture and his people's warfare -kept mongols and Chinese separate -used "imported" mongol administrators, not Chinese for his government -tried twice but failed to conquer Japan	117
5437026875	Middle East	-the mongols defeated the Abbassid dynasty and conquered Persia -initially destroyed irrigation systems -eventually converted to Islam and took up agriculture	118
5437037467	Mamluks	slave dynasty in Egypt that stopped the mongols and then turned Egypt into a center of Muslim culture and learning	119
5437045436	Russia	-mongol devastation was worse there than anywhere -the "Golden Horde" never occupied it, but instead received tribute from Moscow -this is why Russia never unified or developed culture and education like countries in Western Europe until much later	120
5437062912	1500	all mongol hordes had collapsed and their empire was finished	121
5437069918	The black death	-Afro-Eurasian pandemic in the early 1300's -spread along mongol trade routes -originated in central Asia -carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas	122
5437080352	1331	first outbreak in northeastern China	123
5437083805	1347	reached the Middle east (killed 1/3 pop) and western Europe (killed 1/2)	124
5437091612	1409	-reached East Asia -India and sub-Saharan Africa were much less affected	125
5437101499	consequences of the plague	-labor shortage in Europe ends serfdom -created better employment opportunities for women -helped break down the mongol hordes -silk road trade ends -Europeans seek new trade routes by sea ******It would return off and on over the centuries and still exists today	126
5450742688	15th Century	-almost everyone in the world lived in a civilization -Australia, Pacific Islands, North America, Amazon River Basin, and Africa south of the equator were the exceptions	127
5450753387	Ming dynasty	-replaces the Yuan dynasty in China -elimination of foreign rule -return to the Confucian exam system -extensive use of eunechs in the imperial court -emperor Yongle sponsors the writing of an 11,000 volume encyclopedia	128
5450773391	Europe in the 15th century	-recovery from the Black Death resulted in stronger states with large, powerful armies -Britain and France would fight in the Hundred Years War	129
5450784090	Renaissance	period of cultural flowering in Italy created through European and Muslim connections during the crusades -Florence, Italy was the center of the Renaissance ***art and writing became religious, secular, realistic, worldly, and more human -Leonardo daVinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare were the most famous individuals of the period -elite members of society became commissioned works from them -local taxes were raised to pay the artists and writers	130
5450794564	humanists	-scholars who studied secular topics (Greek and Roman classics) as well as religion	131
5471791142	exploration	china did it for prestige, while Europe did it to make money, convert people to Roman Catholocism, and acquire land	132
5471796693	Zheng He	Muslim Eunech from China who sailed his "treasure fleet" to Africa, the Persian gulf, and all over the Indian Ocean	133
5471806884	1433	-the Ming begin to focus on agriculture instead of exploration -they felt like they already ad everything they needed	134
5471813344	Portugal	-it began to explore the Atlantic in 1415 -they began to grow sugar cane on islands near West Africa -African slaves were needed to do the work	135
5471820772	cannons	they allowed Portugal to violently dominate trade	136
5471823067	Bartolomeu Dias	sailed from Europe around the cape of Good Hope in Africa	137
5471825791	Vasco da Gama	sails from Europe, around Africa, and all the way to India	138
5471829127	Christopher Colombus	Italian who wanted to cross the Atlantic to create a trade route from Europe to Asia	139
5471841519	Songhai Empire	major center of Islamic learning and trade in West Africa	140
5471845072	sugar	plantations of it in the Mediterranean increased the Muslim demand for African slaves	141
5471851569	Ottoman Empire	powerful "gunpowder" empire in the Middle East and Egypt from the 1450's to 1900 (mostly Sunni Muslims)	142
5471860582	Suleiman the Magnificent	Ottoman leader who encouraged the development of art and a better military	143
5471865490	1529	an Ottoman invasion of Europe is stopped at Vienna ***European military and naval technology would far outpace theirs	144
5471874905	Safavid empire	-religious empire in Persia (mostly Shia Muslims) -the Ottomans and Safavids periodically fought each other until the 1700's	145
5471882507	Mughal empire	Muslim "gunpowder" dynasty that replaced the Delhi Sultanate in India	146
5471889139	Akbar	sensitive, tolerant ruler of India who created a "divine faith" that combined elements of Islam and Hinduism in an effort to promote religious unity (it fell apart after he died)	147
5471896501	Malacca	became a major Muslim port city in Southeast Asia	148
5471901727	Mexica (Aztec)	last great Meso-american culture before the arrival of the Europeans	149
5471906092	TTenochtitlan	Mexica capital city located on Lake Texcoco	150
5471911774	Chinampas	"floating" gardens -cacao beans were their currency *like the Romans, their empire was connected by thousands of miles of roads over which they traded goods *like China, the Aztec demanded tribute from other groups they conquered	151
5471926702	human sacrifice	religious sacrifice in which bloodshed gave moisture to the earth -victims were captured enemies	152
5471932160	Inca	-they created a centralized empire in western South America -relied on llamas and alpacas -empire was connected by roads -emperor was divine, absolute ruler who ruled alongside his wife -society was seen by them as a utopia	153
5471942584	mita	labor people performed for the state in return for elaborate feasts	154
5471946635	quipu	knotted cords that were used to keep records	155